Methane-assisted combustion synthesis of nanocomposite tin dioxide materials

Image Analysis and Computer Simulation of Nanoparticle Clustering in Combustion Systems

“…properties from this flame system have been extensively characterized in previous studies using 2D imaging (Bakrania et al 2007a(Bakrania et al , 2007b, and the samples used for this study are typical for this combustion system and consistent with the results of the 2D samples. By using particles sampled from a fixed location, the formation and growth trajectories experienced by the particles can be considered identical.…”

“…TEM samples were acquired by thermophoretic deposition onto carbon-meshed copper grids at a fixed sampling location of 27 cm above the burner surface. Note that particle number densities are generally high in flame systems near the region of particle inception, which is located well below the sampling location (within 5 cm above the surface of the burner Bakrania et al 2007aBakrania et al , 2007b for the conditions and flame system studied in this work. For the SnO 2 system examined in this work, our prior studies indicate the primary means for particle restructuring and further growth is via agglomeration (Bakrania et al 2007b).…”

“…Note that particle number densities are generally high in flame systems near the region of particle inception, which is located well below the sampling location (within 5 cm above the surface of the burner Bakrania et al 2007aBakrania et al , 2007b for the conditions and flame system studied in this work. For the SnO 2 system examined in this work, our prior studies indicate the primary means for particle restructuring and further growth is via agglomeration (Bakrania et al 2007b). Particle sintering is several orders of magnitude (over 8 decades) slower at the sampling location than agglomeration, and there are no further tin sources for surface deposition or surface growth at the sampling location.…”

“…Figure 2 shows the schematic of the combustion synthesis facility used to generate the combustion nanoparticulates analyzed in this work. Details on the particle sampling, burner characteristics and operating conditions can be found in Miller et al (2005) and Bakrania et al (2007aBakrania et al ( , 2007b. Briefly, in the current work, tin dioxide (SnO 2 , cassiterite phase) particles were generated using a multi-element hydrogen-oxygen diffusion burner.…”

Observation of incipient particle formation during flame synthesis by tandem differential mobility analysis-mass spectrometry (DMA-MS)

“…Flame synthesis is a gas-phase approach for producing nanomaterials on an industrial scale, due to its high reaction temperature and fast reaction rates [1]. Flame-synthesized products, such as metal oxides and carbon-based materials, have been widely applied in catalysis [2], solar energy utilization [3], sensor technology [4], the rubber industry [5], and so on. During flame synthesis, the pyrolysis and oxidation of synthesis precursors, the clustering of vapor molecules, particle nucleation, and particle growth through coagulation, vapor condensation, and sintering, all take place in a single-step manner, resulting in a high yield of nanoparticles [6,7].…”