Metastatic Retinoblastoma

Proposal for a New Staging Scheme for Intraocular and Extraocular Retinoblastoma Based on an Analysis of 103 Globes

“…Our modified staging system for retinoblastoma considers both intraocular and extraocular disease. This scheme provides a logical ophthalmologic as well as histopathologic description of unifocal, unilateral, multifocal, and bilateral retinoblastoma, reflecting the natural progression and the malignant nature of this disease by synthesizing clinical funduscopic findings, diagnostic imaging data, and overall clinical physical examination [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Additionally, its use will provide information regarding stages and sites of disease which may be used for communication among investigators.…”

Proposal for a New Staging Scheme for Intraocular and Extraocular Retinoblastoma Based on an Analysis of 103 Globes

“…Our modified staging system for retinoblastoma considers both intraocular and extraocular disease. This scheme provides a logical ophthalmologic as well as histopathologic description of unifocal, unilateral, multifocal, and bilateral retinoblastoma, reflecting the natural progression and the malignant nature of this disease by synthesizing clinical funduscopic findings, diagnostic imaging data, and overall clinical physical examination [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Additionally, its use will provide information regarding stages and sites of disease which may be used for communication among investigators.…”

External Beam Radiation "Salvage" Therapy in Transgenic Murine Retinoblastoma

“…24,61,62 Systemic chemotherapy also enhances the effectiveness of other treatment modalities and may reduce the possibility of metastatic dissemination. 63,64 Disadvantages include serious toxic adverse effects, potential mutagenesis, and increased risk for development of other malignant neoplasms. 10,11,33,65 Furthermore, though effective in initial tumor reduction, this treatment modality alone is unable to achieve complete tumor control and, therefore, often requires adjuvant focal therapy.…”

Proposal for a New Staging Scheme for Intraocular and Extraocular Retinoblastoma Based on an Analysis of 103 Globes

“…Our modified staging system for retinoblastoma considers both intraocular and extraocular disease. This scheme provides a logical ophthalmologic as well as histopathologic description of unifocal, unilateral, multifocal, and bilateral retinoblastoma, reflecting the natural progression and the malignant nature of this disease by synthesizing clinical funduscopic findings, diagnostic imaging data, and overall clinical physical examination [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Additionally, its use will provide information regarding stages and sites of disease which may be used for communication among investigators.…”

External Beam Radiation "Salvage" Therapy in Transgenic Murine Retinoblastoma

“…24,61,62 Systemic chemotherapy also enhances the effectiveness of other treatment modalities and may reduce the possibility of metastatic dissemination. 63,64 Disadvantages include serious toxic adverse effects, potential mutagenesis, and increased risk for development of other malignant neoplasms. 10,11,33,65 Furthermore, though effective in initial tumor reduction, this treatment modality alone is unable to achieve complete tumor control and, therefore, often requires adjuvant focal therapy.…”

Proposal for a New Staging Scheme for Intraocular and Extraocular Retinoblastoma Based on an Analysis of 103 Globes

“…Our modified staging system for retinoblastoma considers both intraocular and extraocular disease. This scheme provides a logical ophthalmologic as well as histopathologic description of unifocal, unilateral, multifocal, and bilateral retinoblastoma, reflecting the natural progression and the malignant nature of this disease by synthesizing clinical funduscopic findings, diagnostic imaging data, and overall clinical physical examination [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Additionally, its use will provide information regarding stages and sites of disease which may be used for communication among investigators.…”

External Beam Radiation "Salvage" Therapy in Transgenic Murine Retinoblastoma

“…24,61,62 Systemic chemotherapy also enhances the effectiveness of other treatment modalities and may reduce the possibility of metastatic dissemination. 63,64 Disadvantages include serious toxic adverse effects, potential mutagenesis, and increased risk for development of other malignant neoplasms. 10,11,33,65 Furthermore, though effective in initial tumor reduction, this treatment modality alone is unable to achieve complete tumor control and, therefore, often requires adjuvant focal therapy.…”