Metastatic Patterns of Retinoblastoma

Preclinical platform of retinoblastoma xenografts recapitulating human disease and molecular markers of dissemination

“…All mice developing CNS metastases presented optic nerve CRX positivity. These results, together with the hNu staining in the brain meninges of models Y79 and HSJD-RBT-2, support a pathway of dissemination in which tumor cells travel through the optic nerve and its sheath into the circulating subarachnoid fluid to reach the spinal cord and distant sites of the CNS [13]. We detected one positive CSF sample in a CRX-positive brain of one Y79 xenograft, recapitulating the clinical scenario of a brain metastatic retinoblastoma in the preclinical setting.…”

“…In the clinical setting, minimal disseminated disease (MDD) in retinoblastoma is analyzed by morphological assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bone marrow (BM), but this technique provides low sensitivity and is limited to patients with regionally recurrent disease or symptoms of metastatic disease [13,14]. Therefore, gene expression analyses of CSF and BM by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) have been proposed.…”

Preclinical platform of retinoblastoma xenografts recapitulating human disease and molecular markers of dissemination

“…All mice developing CNS metastases presented optic nerve CRX positivity. These results, together with the hNu staining in the brain meninges of models Y79 and HSJD-RBT-2, support a pathway of dissemination in which tumor cells travel through the optic nerve and its sheath into the circulating subarachnoid fluid to reach the spinal cord and distant sites of the CNS [13]. We detected one positive CSF sample in a CRX-positive brain of one Y79 xenograft, recapitulating the clinical scenario of a brain metastatic retinoblastoma in the preclinical setting.…”

“…In the clinical setting, minimal disseminated disease (MDD) in retinoblastoma is analyzed by morphological assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bone marrow (BM), but this technique provides low sensitivity and is limited to patients with regionally recurrent disease or symptoms of metastatic disease [13,14]. Therefore, gene expression analyses of CSF and BM by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) have been proposed.…”

Extraneural Metastases of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors Identified by Fine Needle Aspiration: A Retrospective Analysis

“…The most significant risk factor for distant metastases is extrascleral extension when the tumor gains access to vascular and lymphatic channels outside the eye [24]. The sites of extracranial metastatic spread include the bone marrow, bladder, lungs, and mediastinum [25]. …”

Computed Tomography of Retinoblastoma

“…(19). They found that most cases occurred at three years of age and that death occurred within 5.8 months on the average, despite therapy.…”

Preclinical platform of retinoblastoma xenografts recapitulating human disease and molecular markers of dissemination

“…All mice developing CNS metastases presented optic nerve CRX positivity. These results, together with the hNu staining in the brain meninges of models Y79 and HSJD-RBT-2, support a pathway of dissemination in which tumor cells travel through the optic nerve and its sheath into the circulating subarachnoid fluid to reach the spinal cord and distant sites of the CNS [13]. We detected one positive CSF sample in a CRX-positive brain of one Y79 xenograft, recapitulating the clinical scenario of a brain metastatic retinoblastoma in the preclinical setting.…”

“…In the clinical setting, minimal disseminated disease (MDD) in retinoblastoma is analyzed by morphological assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bone marrow (BM), but this technique provides low sensitivity and is limited to patients with regionally recurrent disease or symptoms of metastatic disease [13,14]. Therefore, gene expression analyses of CSF and BM by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) have been proposed.…”

Extraneural Metastases of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors Identified by Fine Needle Aspiration: A Retrospective Analysis

“…The most significant risk factor for distant metastases is extrascleral extension when the tumor gains access to vascular and lymphatic channels outside the eye [24]. The sites of extracranial metastatic spread include the bone marrow, bladder, lungs, and mediastinum [25]. …”

Computed Tomography of Retinoblastoma

“…(19). They found that most cases occurred at three years of age and that death occurred within 5.8 months on the average, despite therapy.…”

Preclinical platform of retinoblastoma xenografts recapitulating human disease and molecular markers of dissemination

“…All mice developing CNS metastases presented optic nerve CRX positivity. These results, together with the hNu staining in the brain meninges of models Y79 and HSJD-RBT-2, support a pathway of dissemination in which tumor cells travel through the optic nerve and its sheath into the circulating subarachnoid fluid to reach the spinal cord and distant sites of the CNS [13]. We detected one positive CSF sample in a CRX-positive brain of one Y79 xenograft, recapitulating the clinical scenario of a brain metastatic retinoblastoma in the preclinical setting.…”

“…In the clinical setting, minimal disseminated disease (MDD) in retinoblastoma is analyzed by morphological assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bone marrow (BM), but this technique provides low sensitivity and is limited to patients with regionally recurrent disease or symptoms of metastatic disease [13,14]. Therefore, gene expression analyses of CSF and BM by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) have been proposed.…”

Extraneural Metastases of Primary Central Nervous System Tumors Identified by Fine Needle Aspiration: A Retrospective Analysis

“…The most significant risk factor for distant metastases is extrascleral extension when the tumor gains access to vascular and lymphatic channels outside the eye [24]. The sites of extracranial metastatic spread include the bone marrow, bladder, lungs, and mediastinum [25]. …”

Computed Tomography of Retinoblastoma

“…(19). They found that most cases occurred at three years of age and that death occurred within 5.8 months on the average, despite therapy.…”