Metastatic patterns of choroidal melanoma

Einhorn, Lawrence H.; Burgess, M. A.; Gottlieb, Jeffrey A.

doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197410)34:4<1001::aid-cncr2820340406>3.0.co;2-z

Cited by 137 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Despite this, almost 50% of patients with UM will develop disseminated disease, predominantly in the liver, but also in the lungs (24% of patients) and bone (16%). 6 Early surgical removal of metastases has improved patient survival in some cases; 7,8 however, in general, the prognosis of UM patients with metastatic disease is currently poor because of the lack of effective chemotherapeutic agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular pathology of uveal melanoma

Coupland

Lake

Zeschnigk

et al. 2012

Eye

148

106

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Like other cancers, uveal melanomas (UM) are characterised by an uncontrolled, clonal, cellular proliferation, occurring as a result of numerous genetic, and epigenetic aberrations. Signalling pathways known to be disrupted in UM include: (1) the retinoblastoma pathway, probably as a result of cyclin D1 overexpression; p53 signalling, possibly as a consequence of MDM2 overexpression; and the P13K/AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase pathway pathways that are disturbed as a result of PTEN and GNAQ/11 mutations, respectively. Characteristic chromosomal abnormalities are common and include 6p gain, associated with a good prognosis, as well as 1p loss, 3 loss, and 8q gain, which correlate with high mortality. These are identified by techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridisation, comparative genomic hybridisation, microsatellite analysis, multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification, and singlenucleotide polymorphisms. UM can also be categorised by their gene expression profiles as class 1 or class 2, the latter correlating with poor survival, as do BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) inactivating mutations. Genetic testing of UM has enhanced prognostication, especially when results are integrated with histological and clinical data. The identification of abnormal signalling pathways, genes and proteins in UM opens the way for target-based therapies, improving prospects for conserving vision and prolonging life.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular pathology of uveal melanoma

Coupland

Lake

Zeschnigk

et al. 2012

Eye

148

106

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“…Therefore, it was surprising to find that Einhon's group did not comment on lymphatic permeation in their 1974 wide ranging review of the metastatic patterns of choroidal melanoma [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Historical Elements of Cancer Permeation in Melanoma

Onuigbo¹

2017

J Med Diagn Meth

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In 1889, Julius Cohnheim argued that autopsies aid in tracing the footsteps of Nature. Before then, a Pathological Society had been formed in London, its Transactions being published from 1846-1848 period. As melanoma is characteristically pigmented, The Transactions were searched for evidence of lymphatic permeation. The positive results were in keeping with the personal similar series written on the pancreas, bone and kidney.

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“…5 However, systemic chemotherapy in general has given only isolated objective responses in this group of patients. [7][8][9][10] Moreover, disease stabilization was common and the median average doubling time of metastases that did not respond was 92 days, which is 1.5 times longer than the estimate of 62 days reported for untreated metastases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,20 It is likely that the overall survival times are not comparable to those of earlier trials, which enrolled patients reviewed with liver function tests and chest radiograms only. [5][6][7] Most, if not all, of these patients would be staged to Working Formulation Stage IVBb or even IVBc. Future follow-up for metastasis should be standardized, especially if survival is used as one primary endpoint.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemoimmunotherapy with bleomycin, vincristine, lomustine, dacarbazine (BOLD), and human leukocyte interferon for metastatic uveal melanoma

Pyrhönen

Hahka‐Kemppinen

Muhonen

et al. 2002

Cancer

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BACKGROUNDA Phase II trial comprising patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (Stage IVB) was undertaken to determine the activity of bleomycin, vincristine, lomustine, and dacarbazine (BOLD) chemotherapy with human leukocyte interferon, as well as the progression‐free and overall survival of the patients according to the substage before treatment.METHODSTwenty‐two patients with histologically proven metastatic uveal melanoma received 15 mg of bleomycin (Days 2 and 5), 1 mg/m2 vincristine (Days 1 and 4), 200 mg/m2 dacarbazine (Days 1 to 5), and 80 mg lomustine (Day 1) every 4 weeks together with a leukocyte interferon preparation (3 × 106 IU daily for 6 weeks followed by 6 × 106 IU three times per week).RESULTSOf 20 evaluable patients, 3 (15%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0–38) obtained a partial objective response in hepatic and extrahepatic sites and 11 (55%; 95% CI 32–77) showed stable disease after receiving more than two cycles. The median progression‐free survival was 4 months (95% CI 2–10) and the median overall survival was 12 months (95% CI 8–22). Eleven patients who had favorable pretreatment characteristics (Stage IVBa) survived a median of 17 months (95% CI 4–37) whereas 10 patients with less favorable characteristics (Stage IVBb) survived a median of 11 months (95% CI 1–23). Moderate toxicity occurred with this outpatient regimen.CONCLUSIONSThe BOLD/human leukocyte interferon regimen had modest activity against metastatic uveal melanoma in hepatic and extrahepatic sites. The median overall survival approached that reported for more aggressive intrahepatic therapy regimens. Substage differences can significantly impact study outcomes. Therefore, substage information should be reported to facilitate comparisons between studies. Cancer 2002;95:2366–72. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10996

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Metastatic patterns of choroidal melanoma

Cited by 137 publications

References 7 publications

Molecular pathology of uveal melanoma

Molecular pathology of uveal melanoma

The Historical Elements of Cancer Permeation in Melanoma

Chemoimmunotherapy with bleomycin, vincristine, lomustine, dacarbazine (BOLD), and human leukocyte interferon for metastatic uveal melanoma

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