Metanalysis: Respiratory Effects in the General Population Exposed to Urban Pollution

Sancini, A.; Tomei, Francesco; Capozzella, Assunta; Pacchiarotti, Alessandro; Sio, Simone De; Tomei, Gianfranco; Palermo, Paola; Ciarrocca, Manuela

doi:10.4236/jep.2011.27112

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…We need to contextualize these findings, particularly in regard to the multifactorial contributors to respiratory mortality. In general, COPD has been shown to correlate highly with air pollution linked to global urbanization,26 eg, higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis (odds ratio [OR] 2.26, confidence interval [CI] 1.54–3.31), asthma (OR 1.57, CI 1.25–1.98), and emphysema (OR 2.98, CI 1.95–4.54) were observed in the meta-analyses of individuals exposed to urban air 27. Little is known about whether chronic, low-dose exposure to ambient air pollutants can exacerbate COPD progression 28,29.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, COPD has been shown to correlate highly with air pollution linked to global urbanization, 26 eg, higher prevalence of chronic bronchitis (odds ratio [OR] 2.26, confidence interval [CI] 1.54–3.31), asthma (OR 1.57, CI 1.25–1.98), and emphysema (OR 2.98, CI 1.95–4.54) were observed in the meta-analyses of individuals exposed to urban air. 27 Little is known about whether chronic, low-dose exposure to ambient air pollutants can exacerbate COPD progression. 28 , 29 Several recent studies related respiratory symptoms to long-term rather than short-term effects of ambient particles, 30 with the long-term exposure to PM 10 increasing the risk of COPD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality

Kravchenko¹,

Akushevich²,

Abernethy³

et al. 2014

COPD

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BackgroundThe respiratory tract is a major target of exposure to air pollutants, and respiratory diseases are associated with both short- and long-term exposures. We hypothesized that improved air quality in North Carolina was associated with reduced rates of death from respiratory diseases in local populations.Materials and methodsWe analyzed the trends of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia mortality and changes of the levels of ozone, sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) using monthly data measurements from air-monitoring stations in North Carolina in 1993–2010. The log-linear model was used to evaluate associations between air-pollutant levels and age-adjusted death rates (per 100,000 of population) calculated for 5-year age-groups and for standard 2000 North Carolina population. The studied associations were adjusted by age group-specific smoking prevalence and seasonal fluctuations of disease-specific respiratory deaths.ResultsDecline in emphysema deaths was associated with decreasing levels of SO2 and CO in the air, decline in asthma deaths–with lower SO2, CO, and PM10 levels, and decline in pneumonia deaths–with lower levels of SO2. Sensitivity analyses were performed to study potential effects of the change from International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 to ICD-10 codes, the effects of air pollutants on mortality during summer and winter, the impact of approach when only the underlying causes of deaths were used, and when mortality and air-quality data were analyzed on the county level. In each case, the results of sensitivity analyses demonstrated stability. The importance of analysis of pneumonia as an underlying cause of death was also highlighted.ConclusionSignificant associations were observed between decreasing death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and decreases in levels of ambient air pollutants in North Carolina.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality

Kravchenko¹,

Akushevich²,

Abernethy³

et al. 2014

COPD

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Spatial and temporal variations of trace element distribution in soils and street dust of an industrial town in NW Spain: 15years of study

Ordóñez

Álvarez

Miguel

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

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Extensive spatial and temporal surveys, over 15 years, have been conducted in soil in urban parks and street dusts in one of the most polluted eities in westem Europe, Avilés (NW Spain). The first survey was earried out in 1996, and sinee then monitoring has been undertaken every five years. Whilst the sampling site is a relatively small town, industrial activities (mainly the steel industry and ln and Al metallurgy) and other less signifieant urban sourees, sueh as traffie, strongly affeet the load of heavy metals in the urban aerosol. Elemental traeers have been used to eharaeterise the infiuenee of these sourees on the composition of soil and dust. Although PM lO has decreased over these years as a result ofenvironmental measures undertaken in the eity, sorne of the "industrial" elements still remain in coneentrations of coneern for example, up to 4.6% and 0.5% of ln in dust and soil, respeetively. Spatial trends in metals sueh as ln and Cd clearly refieet sourees from the proeessing industries. The coneentrations of these elements aeross Europe have redueed over time, however the most reeent results from Avilés revealed an upward trend in coneentration for ln, Cd, Hg and As. A risk assessment of the soil highlighted As as an element of coneern sinee its eaneer risk in adults was more than double the value aboye whieh regulatory agencies deem it to be unaeeeptable. If ehildren were considered to be the reeeptors, then the risk nearly doubles from this elemento

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Metanalysis: Respiratory Effects in the General Population Exposed to Urban Pollution

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Cited by 2 publications

References 21 publications

Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality

Long-term dynamics of death rates of emphysema, asthma, and pneumonia and improving air quality

Spatial and temporal variations of trace element distribution in soils and street dust of an industrial town in NW Spain: 15years of study

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