“…This algorithm achieves a globally optimal solution by simulating both the hierarchical structure within a wolf pack [22] and the behaviors involved in tracking, encircling, and attacking prey during hunting [23]. The Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) has been widely used in the fields of UAV path planning [24], futures price prediction [25,26], electricity energy optimization [27,28], predictive optimization of process parameters [29] and supply chain optimization [30,31], due to its simple structure, less parameter adjustment and high solution accuracy. However, as the complexity of industrial problems increases, GWO faces challenges in continuing to provide effective solutions.…”