Metagenomic applications in exploration and development of novel enzymes from nature: a review

Abstract

Background: Microbial community has an essential role in various fields, especially the industrial sector. Microbes produce metabolites in the form of enzymes, which are one of the essential compounds for industrial processes. Unfortunately, there are still numerous microbes that cannot be identified and cultivated because of the limitations of the culture-based method. The metagenomic approach is a solution for researchers to overcome these problems. The main body of the abstract: Metagenomics is a strategy used to analyze the genomes of microbial communities in the environment directly. Metagenomics application used to explore novel enzymes is essential because it allows researchers to obtain data on microbial diversity, reaching of 99% and various types of genes encoding an enzyme that has not yet been identified. Basic methods in metagenomics have been developed and are commonly used in various studies. A basic understanding of metagenomics for researchers is needed, especially young researchers to support the success of the research. Short conclusion: Therefore, this review was done in order to provide a deep understanding of metagenomics. It also discussed the application and basic methods of metagenomics in the exploration of novel enzymes, especially in the latest research. Several types of enzymes, such as cellulases, proteases, and lipases, which have been explored using metagenomics, were reviewed in this article.

Molecular biology interventions for activity improvement and production of industrial enzymes

“…Because of this issue majority of metaproteomics studies are performed for the study of the intracellular fraction of metaproteome. Bioinformatics analysis is further used for sequence analysis, Pfam analysis, structure prediction, and understand its phylogeny (Prayogo et al, 2020).…”

“…Several cellulases, proteases, lipases, α-amylase, chitinase, β-glucosidase, and endoglucanses have been isolated from extreme environmental conditions, using a metagenomic approach and patented (Prayogo et al, 2020). Such enzymes have shown much better thermostability and thus are better suited for industrial applications.…”

Microbiome Studies from Saudi Arabia over the Last 10 Years: Achievements, Gaps, and Future Directions

“…Similarly, several novel antimicrobials, anti-infectives, and antimicrobial resistance genes have also been identified through metagenome approaches. Some examples include turbomycin A and B, chitinase with chitobiosidase activity, lactonases, LuxR/LuxI genes, bacterial NAHLase, carboxylesterase, kanamycin, and ceftazidime resistance genes [ 53 , 64 ]. Metagenomics have also been used to discover novel endoglucanases for production of second-generation biofuel [ 65 ].…”

Extremophilic Prokaryotic Endoxylanases: Diversity, Applicability, and Molecular Insights

“…The technique is considered the second most significant invention after the discovery of the microscope. The technique has been successfully employed for retrieving several novel genes of microbial enzymes and other bioactive molecules from diverse environments including extreme habitats ( Ferrer et al, 2005 ; Prayogo et al, 2020 ). This review discusses the diversity and applicability of extremophilic endoxylanases in detail and provides molecular insights into the extremophilic xylanases.…”