Metabolomics and Proteomics in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

The persistent increase in the worldwide burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and the accompanying rise of its complications, including cardiovascular disease, necessitates our understanding of the metabolic disturbances that cause diabetes mellitus. Metabolomics and proteomics, facilitated by recent advances in high-throughput technologies, have given us unprecedented insight into circulating biomarkers of T2D even over a decade before overt disease. These markers may be effective tools for diabetes mellitus screening, diagnosis, and prognosis. As participants of metabolic pathways, metabolite and protein markers may also highlight pathways involved in T2D development. The integration of metabolomics and proteomics with genomics in multiomics strategies provides an analytical method that can begin to decipher causal associations. These methods are not without their limitations; however, with careful study design and sample handling, these methods represent powerful scientific tools that can be leveraged for the study of T2D. In this article, we aim to give a timely overview of circulating metabolomics and proteomics findings with T2D observed in large human population studies to provide the reader with a snapshot into these emerging fields of research.

Serum integrative omics reveals the landscape of human diabetic kidney disease

“…Protein levels influence the metabolic profile, and the concentrations of the metabolites, in turn, affect protein expression [ 32 ]. Therefore, integrative omics is expected to provide us with unprecedented insight into biological entities such as circulating biomarkers of 2-DM and DKD [ 33 ].…”

Serum and Amniotic Fluid Metabolic Profile Changes in Response to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Association with Maternal–Fetal Outcomes

“…Advances in metabolomics have made it possible to quantify a vast number of metabolites and determine the differential metabolites under the specific disease status. For example, a growing body of evidence supports the great potential of metabolomics in the identification of novel pathways and early biomarkers of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [11][12][13]. Similarly, metabolomics has been applied to explore the diagnosis and etiology of GDM.…”

Diabetes Mellitus and Its Implications in Aortic Stenosis Patients

“…It will be interesting to perform such studies as T2DM is a polygenic metabolic disease in which behavioural and environmental factors may play a significant role, as well as affecting AV tissue and other affected organs. As circulating proteins can be influenced by these factors, their study will provide a more complete biological readout of these disease markers [96]. It is important to note that the complications of T2DM and its associated healthcare costs can be dramatically reduced by effective prevention and treatment.…”