Metabolomic quality control of commercial Asian ginseng, and cultivated and wild American ginseng using 1H NMR and multi-step PCA

Zhao, Huiying; Xu, Jin; Ghebrezadik, Helen; Hylands, Peter J.

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.010

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…As ginsenosides have been highly characterized for their major active components [7] , most reports only deal with some ginsenosides, ignoring the full action of metabolites. However, ginseng also contains many small metabolites such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates [8] , [9] . The investigation of metabolic changes in ginseng during fermentation is important to evaluate the fermentation characteristics and assess the fermentative behaviors of microorganisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Metabolomics can directly delineate the physiological and biochemical status by its “metabolome profile” as a whole and therefore can provide systems information that differs from other traditional approaches [10] . There are a few existing reports regarding the fingerprinting or metabolic profiling of ginseng using analytical methods, such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [9] , [11] , high performance liquid chromatography [12] , [13] , and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy [14] . However, little is known about the relationships between microorganisms and metabolites during the entire ginseng fermentation process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metabolite profiling of fermented ginseng extracts by gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Park

Seo

Lee

et al. 2018

Journal of Ginseng Research

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BackgroundGinseng contains many small metabolites such as amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, and ginsenosides. However, little is known about the relationships between microorganisms and metabolites during the entire ginseng fermentation process. We investigated metabolic changes during ginseng fermentation according to the inoculation of food-compatible microorganisms.MethodsGas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) datasets coupled with the multivariate statistical method for the purpose of latent-information extraction and sample classification were used for the evaluation of ginseng fermentation. Four different starter cultures (Saccharomyces bayanus, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Leuconostoc mesenteroide) were used for the ginseng extract fermentation.ResultsThe principal component analysis score plot and heat map showed a clear separation between ginseng extracts fermented with S. bayanus and other strains. The highest levels of fructose, maltose, and galactose in the ginseng extracts were found in ginseng extracts fermented with B. subtilis. The levels of succinic acid and malic acid in the ginseng extract fermented with S. bayanus as well as the levels of lactic acid, malonic acid, and hydroxypruvic acid in the ginseng extract fermented with lactic acid bacteria (L. plantarum and L. mesenteroide) were the highest. In the results of taste features analysis using an electronic tongue, the ginseng extracts fermented with lactic acid bacteria were significantly distinguished from other groups by a high index of sour taste probably due to high lactic acid contents.ConclusionThese results suggest that a metabolomics approach based on GC-MS can be a useful tool to understand ginseng fermentation and evaluate the fermentative characteristics of starter cultures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolite profiling of fermented ginseng extracts by gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Park

Seo

Lee

et al. 2018

Journal of Ginseng Research

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“…Ginsenosides differ from each other in the number, linkage position and type of sugar moiety. To date, more than 150 naturally occurring ginsenosides have been identified from Panax plants (Zhao et al 2015 ) and classified according to the aglycones ginsenoside skeleton into two major types: dammaranes and oleananes (Attele et al 1999 ). The dammarane-type ginsenosides have three types of aglycone moieties: protopanaxadiol (PPD), protopanaxatriol (PPT), and ocotillol.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry

et al. 2016

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As the king of herb plants, ginseng has been used for nearly 5000 years in medicines in Asia and recently in the West. Ginsenosides, the main active constituents in Panax herbs, have prominent immunoregulatory effects. Although extensively studied in the roots, ginsenosides have not been studied with regard to their profiles and natural variations in the leaf, stem, petiole, lateral root, and main roots during development or among species. In this study, a sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry method with a shorter chromatographic running time was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of ten ginsenosides. Comparing ginsenoside contents in various parts during different developmental stages revealed part-specific accumulation of most ginsenosides. Further investigation indicated that Rg3 accumulated at significantly higher levels in the petiole of P. ginseng than in that of P. quinquefolius. The relative ratio of ginsenoside Rb2 to Rb1 appears to be a candidate metabolic marker for identifying the ginseng cultivar within a diverse collection of ginseng accessions. In addition, the PCA showed that aboveground parts differed significantly between species and can be considered as species-specific markers rather than roots. This comprehensive survey, providing reliable, affordable and adequate scientific evidence, could be used to differentiate two species and discriminate ginseng cultivar ages.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3427-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…In recent metabolomics study, most of which have focused on chemical markers and quality control between Asian ginseng and American ginseng21222324. This work provides new insight into different metabolome disturbance in urine along with a four-week administration of Asian ginseng and American ginseng coupling the GC-MS platform which presents unique strengths of high sensitivity, reproducibility and available spectral libraries25.…”

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confidence: 99%

Distinct urine metabolome after Asian ginseng and American ginseng intervention based on GC-MS metabolomics approach

Yang

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Ginseng occupies a prominent position in the list of best-selling natural products worldwide. Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) show different properties and medicinal applications in pharmacology, even though the main active constituents of them are both thought to be ginsenosides. Metabolomics is a promising method to profile entire endogenous metabolites and monitor their fluctuations related to exogenous stimulus. Herein, an untargeted metabolomics approach was applied to study the overall urine metabolic differences between Asian ginseng and American ginseng in mice. Metabolomics analyses were performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) together with multivariate statistical data analysis. A total of 21 metabolites related to D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism, TCA cycle and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, differed significantly under the Asian ginseng treatment; 34 metabolites mainly associated with glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, TCA cycle and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, were significantly altered after American ginseng treatment. Urinary metabolomics reveal that Asian ginseng and American ginseng can benefit organism physiological and biological functions via regulating multiple metabolic pathways. The important pathways identified from Asian ginseng and American ginseng can also help to explore new therapeutic effects or action targets so as to broad application of these two ginsengs.

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Metabolomic quality control of commercial Asian ginseng, and cultivated and wild American ginseng using 1H NMR and multi-step PCA

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

Metabolite profiling of fermented ginseng extracts by gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Metabolite profiling of fermented ginseng extracts by gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Profiling of ginsenosides in the two medicinal Panax herbs based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry

Distinct urine metabolome after Asian ginseng and American ginseng intervention based on GC-MS metabolomics approach

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