Metabolites of Dietary Protein and Peptides by Intestinal Microbes and their Impacts on Gut

Fan, Peixin; Li, Linsen; Rezaei, Arash; Eslamfam, Shabnam; Che, Dongsheng; Ma, Xi

doi:10.2174/1389203716666150630133657

Cited by 184 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Therefore, GSPs treatment was shown to help enhance the feed utilization efficiency and improve the growth performance, which is similar with previous studies [21]. The vast majority of antibiotic substitutes produce inconsistent results relative to comparison to antibiotics [7, 22]. Our findings provide not only a potential effective antibiotic alternative, but also an efficient strategy for partial substitution of antibiotics with other growth promoting substances.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

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Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) improve weaned intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier using a piglet model

et al. 2016

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Proanthocyanidins have been suggested as an effective antibiotic alternative, however their mechanisms are still unknown. The present study investigated the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins on gut microbiota and mucosal barrier using a weaned piglet model in comparison with colistin. Piglets weaned at 28 day were randomly assigned to four groups treated with a control ration, or supplemented with 250 mg/kg proanthocyanidins, kitasamycin/colistin, or 250 mg/kg proanthocyanidins and half-dose antibiotics, respectively. On day 28, the gut chyme and tissue samples were collected to test intestinal microbiota and barrier function, respectively. Proanthocyanidins treated piglets had better growth performance and reduced diarrhea incidence ( P < 0.05), accompanied with decreased intestinal permeability and improved mucosal morphology. Gene sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA revealed that dietary proanthocyanidins improved the microbial diversity in ileal and colonic digesta, and the most abundant OTUs belong to Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes spp . Proanthocyanidins treatment decreased the abundance of Lactobacillaceae , and increased the abundance of Clostridiaceae in both ileal and colonic lumen, which suggests that proanthocyanidins treatment changed the bacterial composition and distribution. Administration of proanthocyanidins increased the concentration of propionic acid and butyric acid in the ileum and colon, which may activate the expression of GPR41. In addition, dietary proanthocyanidins improved the antioxidant indices in serum and intestinal mucosa, accompanied with increasing expression of barrier occludin. Our findings indicated that proanthocyanidins with half-dose colistin was equivalent to the antibiotic treatment and assisted weaned animals in resisting intestinal oxidative stress by increasing diversity and improving balance of gut microbes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The vast majority of antibiotic substitutes produce inconsistent results and rarely have the same effectiveness as antibiotics [7]. Recent evidence indicated the beneficial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on the mammalian animals' gut as an effective antibiotic alternative [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) improve weaned intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier using a piglet model

et al. 2016

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“…CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4/5 are the CYP isoforms which function in the metabolism of therapeutic agents [23]. The production of ROS arises from the release of superoxide anion radical due to the decay of the one-electron-reduced ternary complex and the protonation of the CYP with the formation of hydrogen peroxide [24]. CYP2E1 has been demonstrated to be activated under diverse pathophysiological conditions including diabetes, obesity, starvation, cancer, alcohol liver disease, and non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis [25].…”

Section: Generation Of Ros and Oxidative Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidants Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species

Farrar

et al. 2017

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by living cells as normal cellular metabolic byproduct. Under excessive stress conditions, cells will produce numerous ROS, and the living organisms eventually evolve series of response mechanisms to adapt to the ROS exposure as well as utilize it as the signaling molecules. ROS molecules would trigger oxidative stress in a feedback mechanism involving many biological processes, such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Growing evidences have suggested that ROS play a critical role as the signaling molecules throughout the entire cell death pathway. Overwhelming production of ROS can destroy organelles structure and bio-molecules, which lead to inflammatory response that is a known underpinning mechanism for the development of diabetes and cancer. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are regarded as the markers of oxidative stress, can transform toxic metabolites into ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical which might cause injury of cells. Accordingly, cells have evolved a balanced system to neutralize the extra ROS, namely antioxidant systems that consist of enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidases (GPxs), thioredoxin (Trx) as well as the non-enzymatic antioxidants which collectively reduce oxidative state. Herein, we review the recent novel findings of cellular processes induced by ROS, and summarize the roles of cellular endogenous antioxidant systems as well as natural anti-oxidative compounds in several human diseases caused by ROS in order to illustrate the vital role of antioxidants in prevention against oxidative stress.

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“…The gastrointestinal tract is a complex and dynamic balanced ecosystem comprising an alliance among the epithelial barrier, immune mediators and a myriad of microbial species (Chen et al., ; Fan et al., ). Newborn infants and young animals generally have not established an appropriate balance in the gastrointestinal tract and therefore often suffer from oxidative stress (Khaled, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supplemental lipoic acid relieves post‐weaning diarrhoea by decreasing intestinal permeability in rats

Fan

Tan

Jin

et al. 2015

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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Lipoic acid (LA) is a naturally existing substance which widely distributed in the cellular membranes and cytosol of animal cells. Its intracellular functions include quenching of free radicals and repairing oxidized proteins. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of LA on post-weaning diarrhoea using a rat model. Sixty weaned rats were fed either a basal diet or a LA-supplemented diet, or a zinc oxide (ZnO)-supplemented diet as a positive control. Rats in the LA and ZnO groups had better performance and reduced incidence of diarrhoea (p < 0.05). Both LA and ZnO treatments enhanced intestinal homeostatic and architecture, significantly decreased urinary lactulose to mannitol ratios (p < 0.05) and increased the expression of the intestinal mucosal tight junction proteins occludin (OCLN) and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) (p < 0.05). LA significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced glutathione while decreasing the levels of oxidative glutathione and malondialdehyde in the intestinal mucosa (p < 0.05). Furthermore, an in vitro study indicated that supplementation with LA in IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells significantly enhanced the expression of OCLN and ZO-1 under hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Collectively, these results suggest that LA relieves post-weaning diarrhoea by reducing intestinal permeability and improving antioxidant indices.

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Metabolites of Dietary Protein and Peptides by Intestinal Microbes and their Impacts on Gut

Cited by 184 publications

References 90 publications

Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) improve weaned intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier using a piglet model

Dietary grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) improve weaned intestinal microbiota and mucosal barrier using a piglet model

Antioxidants Maintain Cellular Redox Homeostasis by Elimination of Reactive Oxygen Species

Supplemental lipoic acid relieves post‐weaning diarrhoea by decreasing intestinal permeability in rats

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