Metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, hypertension and type 2 diabetes in youth: from diagnosis to treatment

Abstract

Overweight and obesity in youth is a worldwide public health problem. Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescents have a substantial effect upon many systems, resulting in clinical conditions such as metabolic syndrome, early atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, hypertension and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Obesity and the type of body fat distribution are still the core aspects of insulin resistance and seem to be the physiopathologic links common to metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and T2D. The earlier the appearance of the clustering of risk factors and the higher the time of exposure, the greater will be the chance of developing coronary disease with a more severe endpoint. The age when the event may occur seems to be related to the presence and aggregation of risk factors throughout life.The treatment in this age-group is non pharmacological and aims at promoting changes in lifestyle. However, pharmacological treatments are indicated in special situations.The major goals in dietary treatments are not only limited to weight loss, but also to an improvement in the quality of life. Modification of risk factors associated to comorbidities, personal satisfaction of the child or adolescent and trying to establish healthy life habits from an early age are also important. There is a continuous debate on the best possible exercise to do, for children or adolescents, in order to lose weight. The prescription of physical activity to children and adolescents requires extensive integrated work among multidisciplinary teams, patients and their families, in order to reach therapeutic success.The most important conclusion drawn from this symposium was that if the growing prevalence of overweight and obesity continues at this pace, the result will be a population of children and adolescents with metabolic syndrome. This would lead to high mortality rates in young adults, changing the current increasing trend of worldwide longevity. Government actions and a better understanding of the causes of this problem must be implemented worldwide, by aiming at the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents.

Índice de massa corpórea, sobrepeso e pressão arterial em escolares na província de Limpopo, África do Sul

“…The BP may also be affected by other factors including age, exercise, and emotions (4) . However, the impact of weight gain on BP is neither consistent across age groups, nor is it the same between men and women (5) . Several International multi-centre studies, e.g.…”

“…Adopting a healthy diet, lower salt intake, and partaking in physical activity would help to maintain normal BP values in both children and adolescents. As postulated by Halpern (5) , measures of lifestyle change should always be implemented as early as possible, as it is easier for children to change life habits than adults. A controlled consumption of salt from the early months of life, fighting excess weight from the first year of life, and always encouraging the practice of physical activity in children and Hipertension: The average SDP and DPB ≥90 th percentile for age and sex; Overweight: Internationally recommended body mass index cut-off points in children (25) (27) Argentina 4-18 3.…”

“…9 Triano et al (37) South Africa 10-16 3.5 Presente estudo adolescents (combined with healthy eating habits (5) are feasible healthy options.…”

Modeling the Relationship between Heart Rate and Features of Vocal Frequency

“…For example, simplified cardiotachometers can be used for prophylaxis in lifestyle diseases, such as obesity. Obesity is responsible for many symptoms, including diabetes, hypertension or hyperlipidemia, and can result in death [1]. To prevent obesity, appropriate exercise can be effective.…”

Evaluation of individual awareness of diabetes, related risk factors and complications in urban and rural people of Noakhali region, Bangladesh: a population-based study

“…2 They also have a greater possibility of having obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. 3 In recent days; Diabetes mellitus is a global epidemic and progressively a major non-communicable disease, threatening both developed and undeveloped society. 4,5 It is estimated in the year 2000 that more than 170 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes.…”