Metabolic Reprogramming is a Hallmark of Metabolism Itself

Abstract

The reprogramming of metabolism has been identified as one of the hallmarks of cancer. It is becoming more and more frequent to connect other diseases with metabolic reprogramming. This article aims to argue that metabolic reprogramming is not driven by disease but instead is the main hallmark of metabolism, based on its dynamic behavior that allows it to continuously adapt to changes in the internal and external conditions.

Beyond the Warburg Effect: Modeling the Dynamic and Context-Dependent Nature of Tumor Metabolism

“…A spheroid, too, is an abnormal tissue configuration due to its high density or the absence of vascularization. The metabolism itself has all the biochemical and thermodynamic properties [ 34 ] to continue to be operational from the point of view of maintaining cell viability. Targeting tumor metabolism will require strategies that account for its spatial, temporal, and cooperative plasticity—attacking not just the cell, but the community it sustains.…”

Beyond the Warburg Effect: Modeling the Dynamic and Context-Dependent Nature of Tumor Metabolism

“…A spheroid, too, is an abnormal tissue configuration due to its high density or the absence of vascularization. The metabolism itself has all the biochemical and thermodynamic properties [ 34 ] to continue to be operational from the point of view of maintaining cell viability. Targeting tumor metabolism will require strategies that account for its spatial, temporal, and cooperative plasticity—attacking not just the cell, but the community it sustains.…”

Simultaneous assessment of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism and perfusion in rats using interleaved deuterium (2H) and oxygen‐17 (17O) MRS

“… 50 , 51 The ample evidence highlights the fundamental role of metabolic reprogramming in healthy and diseased brains. 47 , 52 Therefore, it is imperative to develop in vivo MRS and imaging techniques that can simultaneously measure and quantify the cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolic rates as well as blood flow.…”

“…Such a metabolic shift or enhanced aerobic glycolysis plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and adaptation learning 35,36 as well as brain development, 50 and conversely, the contribution of aerobic glycolysis decreases with age at varied paces in different brain regions 50,51 . The ample evidence highlights the fundamental role of metabolic reprogramming in healthy and diseased brains 47,52 . Therefore, it is imperative to develop in vivo MRS and imaging techniques that can simultaneously measure and quantify the cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolic rates as well as blood flow.…”

Metabolomics meets systems immunology

“…A theoretical model explaining the dynamics of this process will allow us to understand the consequences of changes in the levels of enzymes, metabolites, or regulators in this key cellular process. However, creating such a model is challenging due to the thousands of metabolic reactions that occur within cells (Medina, 2020 ). Purohit et al ( 2022 ) provide a thorough overview of current metabolic modeling methods used to study cellular metabolism, summarize the applications and limitations of metabolic models for studying immune metabolism, and introduce mathematical modeling tools that are expected to advance the field.…”

Beyond the Warburg Effect: Modeling the Dynamic and Context-Dependent Nature of Tumor Metabolism

“…A spheroid, too, is an abnormal tissue configuration due to its high density or the absence of vascularization. The metabolism itself has all the biochemical and thermodynamic properties [ 34 ] to continue to be operational from the point of view of maintaining cell viability. Targeting tumor metabolism will require strategies that account for its spatial, temporal, and cooperative plasticity—attacking not just the cell, but the community it sustains.…”

Simultaneous assessment of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism and perfusion in rats using interleaved deuterium (2H) and oxygen‐17 (17O) MRS

“… 50 , 51 The ample evidence highlights the fundamental role of metabolic reprogramming in healthy and diseased brains. 47 , 52 Therefore, it is imperative to develop in vivo MRS and imaging techniques that can simultaneously measure and quantify the cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolic rates as well as blood flow.…”

“…Such a metabolic shift or enhanced aerobic glycolysis plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and adaptation learning 35,36 as well as brain development, 50 and conversely, the contribution of aerobic glycolysis decreases with age at varied paces in different brain regions 50,51 . The ample evidence highlights the fundamental role of metabolic reprogramming in healthy and diseased brains 47,52 . Therefore, it is imperative to develop in vivo MRS and imaging techniques that can simultaneously measure and quantify the cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolic rates as well as blood flow.…”

Metabolomics meets systems immunology

“…A theoretical model explaining the dynamics of this process will allow us to understand the consequences of changes in the levels of enzymes, metabolites, or regulators in this key cellular process. However, creating such a model is challenging due to the thousands of metabolic reactions that occur within cells (Medina, 2020 ). Purohit et al ( 2022 ) provide a thorough overview of current metabolic modeling methods used to study cellular metabolism, summarize the applications and limitations of metabolic models for studying immune metabolism, and introduce mathematical modeling tools that are expected to advance the field.…”

Beyond the Warburg Effect: Modeling the Dynamic and Context-Dependent Nature of Tumor Metabolism

“…A spheroid, too, is an abnormal tissue configuration due to its high density or the absence of vascularization. The metabolism itself has all the biochemical and thermodynamic properties [ 34 ] to continue to be operational from the point of view of maintaining cell viability. Targeting tumor metabolism will require strategies that account for its spatial, temporal, and cooperative plasticity—attacking not just the cell, but the community it sustains.…”

Simultaneous assessment of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism and perfusion in rats using interleaved deuterium (2H) and oxygen‐17 (17O) MRS

“… 50 , 51 The ample evidence highlights the fundamental role of metabolic reprogramming in healthy and diseased brains. 47 , 52 Therefore, it is imperative to develop in vivo MRS and imaging techniques that can simultaneously measure and quantify the cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolic rates as well as blood flow.…”

“…Such a metabolic shift or enhanced aerobic glycolysis plays a crucial role in synaptic plasticity and adaptation learning 35,36 as well as brain development, 50 and conversely, the contribution of aerobic glycolysis decreases with age at varied paces in different brain regions 50,51 . The ample evidence highlights the fundamental role of metabolic reprogramming in healthy and diseased brains 47,52 . Therefore, it is imperative to develop in vivo MRS and imaging techniques that can simultaneously measure and quantify the cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolic rates as well as blood flow.…”

Metabolomics meets systems immunology

“…A theoretical model explaining the dynamics of this process will allow us to understand the consequences of changes in the levels of enzymes, metabolites, or regulators in this key cellular process. However, creating such a model is challenging due to the thousands of metabolic reactions that occur within cells (Medina, 2020 ). Purohit et al ( 2022 ) provide a thorough overview of current metabolic modeling methods used to study cellular metabolism, summarize the applications and limitations of metabolic models for studying immune metabolism, and introduce mathematical modeling tools that are expected to advance the field.…”