Metabolic predictors of obesity. Contribution of resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, and fuel utilization to four-year weight gain of post-obese and never-obese women.

Abstract

This prospective study was designed to identify abnormalities of energy expenditure and fuel utilization which distinguish post-obese women from never-obese controls. 24 moderately obese, postmenopausal, nondiabetic women with a familial predisposition to obesity underwent assessments of body composition, fasting and postprandial energy expenditure, and fuel utilization in the obese state and after weight loss (mean 12.9 kg) to a post-obese, normal-weight state. The post-obese women were compared with 24 never-obese women of comparable age and body composition. Four years later, without intervention, body weight was reassessed in both groups. Results indicated that all parameters measured in the post-obese women were similar to the never-obese controls: mean resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, and fasting and postprandial substrate oxidation and insulinglucose patterns. Four years later, post-obese women regained a mean of 10.9 kg while control subjects remained lean (mean gain 1.7 kg) (P < 0.001 between groups). Neither energy expenditure nor fuel oxidation correlated with 4-yr weight changes, whereas self-reported physical inactivity was associated with greater weight regain.The data suggest that weight gain in obesity-prone women may be due to maladaptive responses to the environment, such as physical inactivity or excess energy intake, rather than to reduced energy requirements. (J. Clin. Invest. 1995. 95:980-985.)

Body weight gain in free-living Pima Indians: effect of energy intake vs expenditure

“…31,32 Here, we confirm our previous finding that RMR and long-term body weight changes are negatively related.…”

Does basal metabolic rate predict weight gain?

“…The authors suggested that there may be a differential regulation of body-weight gain between lean and overweight populations (8). The previous studies that showed no relation between the REE and weight change included relatively small numbers of subjects (11) or used skinfold thicknesses to measure body composition (which is a suboptimal body-composition approach to adjusting BMR) in men only (7). For these reasons, neither study definitively addressed the question of BMR and weight gain.…”

Long - Term Effects of Energy-Restricted Diets Differing in Glycemic Load on Metabolic Adaptation and Body Composition*

“…Previous studies have reported both metabolic adaptation to weight loss [14][15][16][17] and no metabolic adaptation [19][20][21][22][23], and factors such as ongoing weight loss and lack of accounting for body fat change as well as FFM change may help explain the variability in results [26]. However, in our study, TEE was lower than expected based on the changes in fat and FFM (at 12 months of CR by approximately 0.76 MJ/d (180 kcals/d), equivalent to 6.6% of baseline TEE) suggesting an adaptive response to the long-term CR that may contribute to the recognized risk of weight regain following weight loss in mildly overweight individuals such as those studied here [58].…”

“…Metabolic adaptation can be defined as a change in energy expenditure with weight gain or loss over and above that accounted for by the change in body fat free mass (FFM) and fat mass, and may potentially impact long-term weight loss success. Some studies have reported that metabolic adaptation occurs during weight loss and/or subsequently [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] while others have found no evidence for this phenomenon [19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. In part, the different results obtained may be due to different mathematical approaches to calculating metabolic adaptation, as well as the duration and severity of caloric restriction (CR) [26].…”