Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Hutchison, Amy T.; Heilbronn, Leonie K.

doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.025

Cited by 71 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 129 publications

(152 reference statements)

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“…By the end of the study, both groups lost similar amounts of weight, but participants in the intermittent fasting regimen observed greater decreases in fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance compared with those in the CR regimen. In line with these findings, Hutchison and Heilbronn demonstrated superior reductions in fasting glucose levels and insulin resistance in ADF (three 0‐kcal fast days per week) versus CR (~ 1,500 kcal daily) after 2 months of treatment in women with overweight. In contrast, Catenacci et al observed no change in fasting insulin levels or insulin sensitivity in ADF (three 0‐kcal fast days per week) or CR (~ 1,600 kcal daily) after 2 months in men and women with overweight and obesity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Differential Effects of Alternate‐Day Fasting Versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Insulin Resistance

Gabel

Kroeger

Trepanowski

et al. 2019

Obesity

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Objective This study compared the effects of alternate‐day fasting (ADF) with those of daily calorie restriction (CR) on body weight and glucoregulatory factors in adults with overweight or obesity and insulin resistance. Methods This secondary analysis examined the data of insulin‐resistant individuals (n = 43) who participated in a 12‐month study that compared ADF (25% energy needs on “fast days”; 125% energy needs on alternating “feast days”) with CR (75% energy needs every day) and a control group regimen. Results In insulin‐resistant participants, weight loss was not different between ADF (−8% ± 2%) and CR (−6% ± 1%) by month 12, relative to controls (P < 0.0001). Fat mass and BMI decreased (P < 0.05) similarly from ADF and CR. ADF produced greater decreases (P < 0.05) in fasting insulin (−52% ± 9%) and insulin resistance (−53% ± 9%) compared with CR (−14% ± 9%; −17% ± 11%) and the control regimen by month 12. Lean mass, visceral fat mass, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, C‐reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 values remained unchanged. Conclusions These findings suggest that ADF may produce greater reductions in fasting insulin and insulin resistance compared with CR in insulin‐resistant participants despite similar decreases in body weight.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Differential Effects of Alternate‐Day Fasting Versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Insulin Resistance

Gabel

Kroeger

Trepanowski

et al. 2019

Obesity

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“…Meal patterns can broadly be defined as patterned structures of food and drink intake and comprise daily frequency of meals and snacks, temporal distribution of energy intake and consistency of eating behaviours (7)(8)(9) . There is evidence that frequency of meals and snacks and temporal distribution of energy intake are linked to cultural and environmental factors (10,11) , metabolic responses (12,13) and circadian variations in appetite-regulating hormones and digestion (14,15) . Thus, there is an urgent need to examine the relative importance of meal patterns for metabolic risk factors and concurrent health in different populations in order to guide the development of evidence-based dietary policies.…”

Section: Meal Patterns Intake Occasion Intake Frequency Meals Snacks mentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal patterns across ten European countries – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study

Huseinovic

Winkvist

Freisling

et al. 2016

Public Health Nutr.

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ObjectiveTo characterize meal patterns across ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study.DesignCross-sectional study utilizing dietary data collected through a standardized 24 h diet recall during 1995–2000. Eleven predefined intake occasions across a 24 h period were assessed during the interview. In the present descriptive report, meal patterns were analysed in terms of daily number of intake occasions, the proportion reporting each intake occasion and the energy contributions from each intake occasion.SettingTwenty-seven centres across ten European countries.SubjectsWomen (64 %) and men (36 %) aged 35–74 years (n 36 020).ResultsPronounced differences in meal patterns emerged both across centres within the same country and across different countries, with a trend for fewer intake occasions per day in Mediterranean countries compared with central and northern Europe. Differences were also found for daily energy intake provided by lunch, with 38–43 % for women and 41–45 % for men within Mediterranean countries compared with 16–27 % for women and 20–26 % for men in central and northern European countries. Likewise, a south–north gradient was found for daily energy intake from snacks, with 13–20 % (women) and 10–17 % (men) in Mediterranean countries compared with 24–34 % (women) and 23–35 % (men) in central/northern Europe.ConclusionsWe found distinct differences in meal patterns with marked diversity for intake frequency and lunch and snack consumption between Mediterranean and central/northern European countries. Monitoring of meal patterns across various cultures and populations could provide critical context to the research efforts to characterize relationships between dietary intake and health.

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“…There is increasing interest in understanding the timing or patterning of food intake or eating occasions (EOs), including meals and snacks, and how this influences health [1–3]. Existing research examining patterning of EOs is diverse, and covers a range of concepts including EO frequency and spacing, meal regularity, timing and skipping or temporal eating patterns [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal eating patterns: a latent class analysis approach

Leech

Worsley

Timperio

et al. 2017

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act

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BackgroundThere is some evidence that large energy intakes towards the end of the day are associated with adverse health outcomes, however, studies of temporal eating patterns across the day are rare. This study examines the temporal eating patterns of Australian adults using latent class analysis (LCA), as a novel approach.MethodsDietary data (n = 2402 men and n = 2840 women, ≥19 years) from two 24-h recalls collected during the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey were analyzed. LCA was performed to identify distinct temporal eating patterns based on whether or not an eating occasion (EO) occurred within each hour of the day. F and adjusted-chi2 tests assessed differences in sociodemographic and eating patterns (e.g., meal, snack and EO frequency) between latent classes.ResultsThree patterns, labelled “Conventional” (men: 43%, women: 41%), “Later lunch” (men: 34%, women: 34%) and “Grazing” (men: 23%, women: 25%) were identified. Men and women with a “Grazing” pattern were significantly younger (P < 0.001) and a higher proportion were from major cities (P < 0.01) and were not married (men only, P = 0.01), compared to the “Conventional” and “Later lunch” patterns. The “Grazing” pattern was also characterized by a higher EO frequency (P < 0.01) and snack frequency (P < 0.001) and consumption of a higher proportion of total energy intake from snacks but a lower proportion of total energy intake from meals (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThis study identified three distinct temporal eating patterns in adults that varied by age, EO frequency, snack frequency and energy intake pattern. LCA is a useful approach to capture differences in EO timing across the day. Future research should examine associations between temporal eating patterns and health.

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Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter?

Cited by 71 publications

References 129 publications

Differential Effects of Alternate‐Day Fasting Versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Insulin Resistance

Differential Effects of Alternate‐Day Fasting Versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Insulin Resistance

Meal patterns across ten European countries – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study

Temporal eating patterns: a latent class analysis approach

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