Metabolic endotoxemia and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Gomes, Júnia Maria Geraldo; Costa, Jorge de Assis; Alfenas, Rita de Cássia Gonçalves

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.009

Cited by 237 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Metabolic endotoxemia results in a status with chronic low‐grade proinflammation and pro‐oxidative stress , which may contribute to vasodilation and increased vascular and intestinal permeability. The inflammation associated with endotoxemia may partly explain its previously shown associations with clinical outcomes, such as CVD , progression of renal disease in diabetic subjects , and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes , obesity , metabolic syndrome , and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease . Serum LPS activity is indirectly associated with serum HDL cholesterol concentrations and directly with triglyceride, cholesterol, CRP , fasting glucose, insulin, and HbA1c concentrations, as well as with body mass index , especially with the mass of visceral fat .…”

Section: Lipopolysaccharide As a Mediatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Pietiäinen

Liljestrand

Kopra

et al. 2018

European J Oral Sciences

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Clinical periodontitis is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through systemic inflammation as the etiopathogenic link. Whether the oral microbiota, especially its quality, quantity, serology, and virulence factors, plays a role in atherogenesis is not clarified. Patients with periodontitis are exposed to bacteria and their products, which have access to the circulation directly through inflamed oral tissues and indirectly (via saliva) through the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in systemic inflammatory and immunologic responses. Periodontitis is associated with persistent endotoxemia, which has been identified as a notable cardiometabolic risk factor. The serology of bacterial biomarkers for oral dysbiosis is associated with an increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis, prevalent and future coronary artery disease, and incident and recurrent stroke. In addition to species-specific antibodies, the immunologic response includes persistent, cross-reactive, proatherogenic antibodies against host-derived antigens. Periodontitis may affect lipoprotein metabolism at all levels, and all lipoprotein classes are affected. Periodontitis or its bacterial signatures may be involved not only in increased storage of proatherogenic lipids but also in attenuation of the anti-atherogenic processes, thereby putatively increasing the net risk of atherosclerosis. In this review we summarize possible molecular mediators between the dysbiotic oral microbiota and atherosclerotic processes.

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Section: Lipopolysaccharide As a Mediatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Pietiäinen

Liljestrand

Kopra

et al. 2018

European J Oral Sciences

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“…Previous studies have reported that blood LPS levels were increased in individuals with obesity or type 2 diabetes, and LPS has been associated with CRP, IR and the incidence of diabetes 2,4,22 . Similarly, here, we showed that higher serum LPS levels were also related to higher hs-CRP levels (a well-characterized, standardized biomarker of systemic inflammation), higher HOMA-IR levels and higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Increased gut permeability has been observed in individuals with obesity 24 . Once in the systemic circulation, LPS binds to the Toll-like receptor 4 present on the monocytes, macrophages and adipocytes, and then induces the expression and release of proinflammatory cytokines, thereby resulting in IR 4,25,26 . The present results, combined with those from the aforementioned studies, showed that LPS plays a significant role in the development of inflammation, IR and type 2 diabetes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactive association of lipopolysaccharide and free fatty acid with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes: A community‐based cross‐sectional study

Huang

Yan

et al. 2019

J of Diabetes Invest

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Aims/IntroductionIncreased blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or free fatty acid (FFA) levels correlate with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the interactive effect of serum LPS and FFA levels on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 2,553 community‐dwelling Chinese adults. Fasting serum LPS levels were determined using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Chromogenic Endpoint assay, and FFA levels were determined using an enzymatic method. The participants were divided into three groups according to the tertiles of LPS or FFA levels or nine groups according to the tertiles of LPS and FFA levels. The odd ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes were estimated using logistic regression analysis.ResultsWe found that higher serum LPS or FFA levels were associated with higher high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels (P < 0.001) and ORs for type 2 diabetes (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, there were significant interactions between LPS and FFA in terms of the high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein level (P < 0.001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance level (P < 0.001) and ORs for type 2 diabetes (P < 0.001). In the fully adjusted logistic regression model, the OR for participants with type 2 diabetes in the higher LPS and FFA level group were 6.58 (95% confidence interval 3.05–14.18, P < 0.001) compared with that in participants in the lower LPS and FFA level group.ConclusionsThe interaction between LPS and FFA was associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in community‐dwelling Chinese adults.

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“…LPS, the quintessential Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane glycolipid, can cause systemic low-grade inflammation, which can precipitate obesity and diabetes. 19,66 HFD-fed mice exhibited a disrupted gut microbiota characterized by a decrease in Bifidobacteria and an increase in endotoxin-producing bacteria. 19 Induced metabolic endotoxemia via LPS infusion in mice led to increased fasting glycaemia, insulinaemia and body weight gain.…”

Section: Lpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Human type 1 or type 2 diabetics both have higher serum LPS concentrations compared with healthy individuals, and antidiabetic medications caused a decrease in fasting LPS concentrations, especially rosiglitazone. 66 These studies highlight how the gut microbiota should be considered equally with host genetics.…”

Section: Lpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut microbiota and obesity: An opportunity to alter obesity through faecal microbiota transplant (FMT)

Lee

Yacyshyn

2018

Diabetes Obesity Metabolism

110

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Obesity is a global pandemic with immense health consequences for individuals and societies. Multiple factors, including environmental influences and genetic predispositions, are known to affect the development of obesity. Despite an increasing understanding of the factors driving the obesity epidemic, therapeutic interventions to prevent or reverse obesity are limited in their impact. Manipulation of the human gut microbiome provides a new potential therapeutic approach in the fight against obesity. Specific gut bacteria and their metabolites are known to affect host metabolism and feeding behaviour, and dysbiosis of this biosystem may lead to metabolic syndrome. Potential therapies to alter the gut microbiota to treat obesity include dietary changes, supplementation of the diet with probiotic organisms and prebiotic compounds that influence bacterial growth, and the use of faecal microbiota transplant, in which gut microbiota from healthy individuals are introduced into the gut. In this review, we examine the growing scientific evidence supporting the mechanisms by which the human gut microbiota may influence carbohydrate metabolism and obesity, and the various possible therapies that may utilize the gut microbiota to help correct metabolic dysfunction.

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Metabolic endotoxemia and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review

Cited by 237 publications

References 32 publications

Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Interactive association of lipopolysaccharide and free fatty acid with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes: A community‐based cross‐sectional study

Gut microbiota and obesity: An opportunity to alter obesity through faecal microbiota transplant (FMT)

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