Metabolic differences between white leghorns selected for high and low residual food consumption

Luiting, P.; Schrama, J.W.; Hel, W. van der; Urff, E.M.

doi:10.1080/00071669108417402

Cited by 61 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The energy cost related to the standing posture recorded in the present study highlights a major importance of physical activity in the line difference for energy expenditure. This result is consistent with the previously reported lower heat production associated with decreased physical activity in low RFI animals, in laying hens (Luiting et al, 1991), beef cattle (Herd et al, 2004) and pigs (De Haer et al, 1993;Barea et al, 2010;Sadler et al, 2011). Moreover, Lepron et al (2007) reported that the postures and other behaviours partly explained residual ME intake in three pig lines.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…De Haer et al (1993) reported that the variation in feed intake activity in group-housed growing pigs accounted for 44% of the variation in RFI. Studies in laying hens (Luiting et al, 1991) and beef cattle (Herd et al, 2004) have demonstrated a significant association between general behavioural activity and RFI. However, this has been investigated to a lesser extent in pigs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Divergent selection for residual feed intake in group-housed growing pigs: characteristics of physical and behavioural activity according to line and sex

Meunier-Salaün

Guérin

Billon³

et al. 2014

Animal

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The aim of the study was to assess the impact of selection for residual feed intake (RFI) on the behavioural activity of lines divergently selected for RFI during seven generations. In all, six successive batches from the seventh generation of selection were raised in collective pens equipped with a single-place electronic feeder (SEF) from 10 weeks of age to 100 kg BW. Each batch included four groups of 12 pigs: high RFI (RFI + ) castrated males, RFI + females, low RFI (RFI − ) castrated males, RFI − females. At 17 weeks of age, health criteria were evaluated using a gradient scale for increased severity of lameness, body lesions, bursae and tail biting. Individual behavioural activities were recorded by 24-h video tape on the day after health evaluation. The investigative motivation towards unfamiliar objects was quantified at 18 weeks of age. The daily individual feeding patterns were computed from SEF records during the 4 weeks surrounding 12, 17 and 22 weeks of age. All pigs spent significantly most of their time lying in diurnal (80% of total scan) and nocturnal (>89%) periods. The RFI − pigs showed a lower proportion of health problems ( P < 0.01) than RFI + pigs. The RFI − pigs used the SEF less than the RFI + pigs, in diurnal (5.3% v. 6.4% of video scans, P < 0.05) and nocturnal periods (3.6% v. 4.5% of video scans, P < 0.05). This was confirmed by a significantly lower daily number and duration of visits to the SEF computed from the SEF data. The feeding activity measured from the video recording was significantly correlated ( R > 0.34; P < 0.05) with feeding patterns computed from the SEF. The RFI − pigs spent less time standing over the 24-h period (9.7% v. 12.2% of scans, i.e. 35 min/day, P < 0.05). In terms of energy costs, this amounted to 14% of the line difference in terms of daily metabolizable energy intake. The castrated males used the SEF more than females, especially at night (4.7% v. 3.4% of total scans, P < 0.05), whereas females displayed greater investigation of their environment (7.7 ± 0.3% v. 6.6 ± 0.2% of total scans, P < 0.05) and the novel objects (10.7% v. 4.9% of total scans, P < 0.05). In conclusion, the lower physical activity associated with reduced energy expenditure in RFI − pigs compared with RFI + pigs contributed significantly to their improved efficiency and was not related to worsened health scores.Keywords: pig, genetic, residual feed intake, physical activity, behaviour ImplicationsSelection for reduced residual feed intake (RFI) to improve the feed efficiency of pigs diminishes daily feed intake. In this study, physical activity is also reduced, and the energy saving associated with the lower physical activity in the low RFI pigs explains 14% of the feed intake difference between two lines divergently selected for RFI, significantly contributing to the better feed efficiency of the low RFI pigs. This highlights the potential of phenotyping physical activity in pigs to better quantify energy expenditure, together with the impact of improved efficiency on animal behavi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent selection for residual feed intake in group-housed growing pigs: characteristics of physical and behavioural activity according to line and sex

Meunier-Salaün

Guérin

Billon³

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…As much as 54 % of the difference between efficient and inefficient laying hens in the unaccounted energy expenditure has been attributed to differences in heat production related to physical activity (Luiting et al 1991). Differences in the locomotive activity of young chicks is significantly influenced by genetics and has been shown to be reduced by 6 % in fastgrowing compared to slow-growing broiler breeds (Bizeray et al 2000;Bokkers and Koene 2003).…”

Section: Metabolic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be postulated that the reduction of this tissue, where cell turnover is high, could lead to a decrease in the energy requirement of the system. Elsewhere, Luiting et al (1991) suggested the difference between efficient and inefficient laying birds in the unaccounted energy expenditure to be in small part attributed to plumage quality; the evidence to suggest that the birds' basal metabolic rate is greatly affected by interactions between feathering and ambient temperature has been presented by Freeman (1971) and later by Carré et al (2008). Observable delays in feathering are displayed in birds selected for high feed intake; Deeb and Cahaner (2001) showed that high heat loss is induced by low feathering in a temperate environment which may lead to low feed efficiency.…”

Section: Metabolic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review

Tallentire

Leinonen

Kyriazakis

2016

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

164

120

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Artificial selection of broiler chickens for commercial objectives has been employed at an unprecedented magnitude over the recent decades. Consequently, the number of days, total feed and in turn energy, required to raise a broiler to slaughter weight, have decreased dramatically. Feed provision is the poultry industry's biggest environmental hotspot; hence, understanding the interactions between the birds' genetic change and their energy use efficiency forms the necessary starting point for quantifying and predicting and thereby mitigating the future environmental impact of the poultry sector. This review assesses the consequences of artificial selection on the following traits: digestive efficiency, body composition and utilisation of metabolisable energy for growth and metabolic activity. The main findings were (1) the digestive system has been subjected to much physical change due to selection in the recent decades, but this has not led to any apparent change in digestion efficiency. (2) Both the energy intake per day and the metabolic heat production rate have increased in the recent decades whilst (3) the efficiency of utilising energy for growth has also increased; this is due to an increased growth rate, so that broilers reach slaughter weight more quickly and therefore need to allocate less energy overall to metabolic processes, with the exception of growth. (4) There may have been a reduction in the tendency to waste feed through spillage and carry out energetically expensive behaviors. There is a discrepancy in the literature with regards to the influence of selection on body composition and its contribution to feed efficiency. In this review, two scenarios are demonstrated, whereby body composition either has or has not altered via artificial selection. Understanding the effects of artificial selection on the traits that relate to the feed efficiency of the broilers will contribute towards the reduction of the environmental impacts that arise from such systems.

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“…Residual feed consumption, defined as feed consumption adjusted for average size for maintenance and mass of products (e.g., body gain, eggs, and milk) produced, has responded to selection in chickens (Luiting et al, 1991;Bordas et al, 1992;Schulman et al, 1994). Luiting et al (1991) reported that almost 80% of the differences between high and low selection lines were explained by activity-related differences.…”

Section: Response In Litter Size and Its Components Meansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent selection for heat loss in mice: II. Correlated responses in feed intake, body mass, body composition, and number born through fifteen generations.

Nielsen

Freking

Jones

et al. 1997

Journal of Animal Science

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ABSTRACT:Divergent selection for heat loss (kcal·kg −.75 ·d −1 ) , measured in 9-to 11-wk-old male mice, was conducted for 15 generations. Selection for high (MH) and low (ML) heat loss and unselected control (MC) occurred in each of three replicates for a total of nine unique lines. Feed intake in males was measured during Generations 9 through 15. Body mass at commencement of mating in females and at time of measurement of heat loss in males was recorded. Body fat percentage at 12 wk for animals of Generations 6, 10, and 14 was predicted as a function of electrical conductivity and body mass. Litter size was recorded for all generations, and components of litter size were evaluated at Generation 11 in one replicate and Generation 12 in the other two replicates. Feed intake changed in the same direction as heat loss for the MH and ML selections; at Generation 15, the difference between MH and ML ( P < .002) was 20.6% of the MC mean. Body mass did not change with selection for heat loss. Differences in body fat percentage were not significant in earlier generations, but at Generation 14, MH and ML were significantly ( P < .01) different with MH mice having the lowest fat percentage; MC was intermediate. Selection had a significant (MH vs ML; P < .01) effect on litter size, causing an increase in MH and a decrease in ML. This difference was explained by a difference ( P < .01) in ovulation rate. There was no asymmetry of response in feed intake, fatness, litter size, or number of ovulations.

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Metabolic differences between white leghorns selected for high and low residual food consumption

Cited by 61 publications

References 6 publications

Divergent selection for residual feed intake in group-housed growing pigs: characteristics of physical and behavioural activity according to line and sex

Divergent selection for residual feed intake in group-housed growing pigs: characteristics of physical and behavioural activity according to line and sex

Breeding for efficiency in the broiler chicken: A review

Divergent selection for heat loss in mice: II. Correlated responses in feed intake, body mass, body composition, and number born through fifteen generations.

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