Metabolic alterations following visceral fat removal and expansion

Abstract

Increased visceral adiposity is a risk factor for metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, whereas peripheral (subcutaneous) obesity is not. Though the specific mechanisms which contribute to these adipose depot differences are unknown, visceral fat accumulation is proposed to result in metabolic dysregulation because of increased effluent, e.g., fatty acids and/or adipokines/cytokines, to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. Pathological significance of visceral fat accumulation is also attributed to adipose depot/adipocyte-specific characteristics, specifically differences in structural, physiologic and metabolic characteristics compared with subcutaneous fat. Fat manipulations, such as removal or transplantation, have been utilized to identify location dependent or independent factors that play a role in metabolic dysregulation. Obesity-induced alterations in adipose tissue function/intrinsic characteristics, but not mass, appear to be responsible for obesity-induced metabolic dysregulation, thus “quality” is more important than “quantity.” This review summarizes the implications of obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction as it relates to anatomic site and inherent adipocyte characteristics.

Different adipose tissue depots: Metabolic implications and effects of surgical removal

“…1). 8 Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (SAT) has different distribution according to gender. In men there is increased accumulation in the trunk compared to limbs, with a decreased rate and a more balanced distribution after the age of 50; in women, accumulation of SAT is similar +Model ENDONU-707; No.…”

The role of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue fatty acid composition in liver pathophysiology associated with NAFLD

“…16 Conversely, lower body subcutaneous adiposity, characterized by adipose tissue accumulation between the hypodermis and muscle, is associated with cardioprotection, 17 lower glucose and triglycerides, higher HDL, insulin sensitivity and decreased risk for type-2-diabetes and metabolic syndrome. [18][19][20][21][22][23] Several factors differentiate visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, including adipokine and cytokine production, adipogenic potential and the ability to store and mobilize lipid (For review 24 ). Visceral adipose tissue, unlike subcutaneous depots, is also anatomically linked to the liver via the portal vein.…”

Maternal Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Ultrasound Thickness in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at 24-28 Weeks' Gestation

“…sents the remaining 15% [6]. It has been shown that an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue into the visceral compartment is associated with an increased risk for metabolic disorders [7][8][9][10].…”