Metabolic Alteration of Trypanosoma cruzi during Differentiation of Epimastigote to Trypomastigote Forms

De-Simone, Salvatore G.; Bourguignon, Saulo Cabral; Gonçalves, Priscila S.; Lechuga, Guilherme Curty; Provance, David William

doi:10.3390/pathogens11020268

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…cruzi epimastigotes in the insect intestine use glucose as their primary energy source. In the absence of glucose, epimastigotes oxidize amino acids to maintain their redox balance and to generate ATP [93][94][95]. T. cruzi lacks a metabolic pathway for synthesizing heme groups, so it acquires the heme groups that are released into the lumen of the insect midgut when the ingested blood is digested.…”

Section: The Energy Metabolism Of Trypanosoma Cruzimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of Novel Drugs for the Treatment of Chagas Disease

Reséndiz-Mora,

Carlos Santiago-Hernández,

Manuel Serna-Velázquez

et al. 2024

Current Topics in Zoonoses

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Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a zoonosis caused by the hemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. It is mainly transmitted by the bite of blood-sucking insects. It is endemic in Latin America and emerging in the rest of the world, affecting approximately six million people. The drugs Benznidazole and Nifurtimox currently used for its treatment are not totally effective in the chronic phase of the disease. In addition, they are toxic, and there are many resistant Trigonoscuta cruzi strains. Therefore, developing new drugs for the treatment of Chagas disease is necessary. This chapter describes the development of drugs that inhibit α-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase isoenzyme II, a key enzyme in parasite energy metabolism. These drugs have shown more significant trypanocidal activity than the currently used drugs, and they have also prevented the development of chronic Chagas disease in infected mice.

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Section: The Energy Metabolism Of Trypanosoma Cruzimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, intracellular amastigotes have direct access to the nutrients of the host cell and use amino acids and fatty acids as their primary energy source. However, they can also use exogenous glucose and glutamine as energy sources [49,92,94].…”

Section: The Energy Metabolism Of Trypanosoma Cruzimentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Novel Drugs for the Treatment of Chagas Disease

Reséndiz-Mora,

Carlos Santiago-Hernández,

Manuel Serna-Velázquez

et al. 2024

Current Topics in Zoonoses

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“…From the insect vector’s gut to cardiac tissues, T. cruzi is exposed to diverse oxygenic states and hence exhibits variable metabolic behaviors that capitalize on fluctuating microenvironmental conditions [ 166 ]. In the low-oxygen environment of the triatomine gut, T. cruzi favors an anaerobic mode of metabolism by increasing glycolytic flux to sustain morphological changes [ 167 , 168 , 169 ]. In the vertebrate host’s bloodstream, trypomastigotes exhibit a preference for oxidative phosphorylation by increasing the activity of the ETC, utilizing oxygen from the blood to sustain an aerobic mode of metabolism [ 168 , 170 ].…”

Section: Protozoan Parasites and Hypoxiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host–Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa

et al. 2023

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Body tissues are subjected to various oxygenic gradients and fluctuations and hence can become transiently hypoxic. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular hypoxic response and is capable of modulating cellular metabolism, immune responses, epithelial barrier integrity, and local microbiota. Recent reports have characterized the hypoxic response to various infections. However, little is known about the role of HIF activation in the context of protozoan parasitic infections. Growing evidence suggests that tissue and blood protozoa can activate HIF and subsequent HIF target genes in the host, helping or hindering their pathogenicity. In the gut, enteric protozoa are adapted to steep longitudinal and radial oxygen gradients to complete their life cycle, yet the role of HIF during these protozoan infections remains unclear. This review focuses on the hypoxic response to protozoa and its role in the pathophysiology of parasitic infections. We also discuss how hypoxia modulates host immune responses in the context of protozoan infections.

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“…T. cruzi shows three morphologically and physiologically distinct primary evolutionary forms during its life cycle, called trypomastigote, epimastigote, and amastigote [11]. Amastigotes and trypomastigotes from the bloodstream are present in the mammalian host, while promastigotes, epimastigotes, and metacyclic trypomastigotes are present in the vector insect [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultivation of Protozoa Parasites In Vitro: Growth Potential in Conventional Culture Media versus RPMI-PY Medium

Castelli

Oliveri

Valenza

et al. 2023

Veterinary Sciences

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The in vitro cultivation of Leishmania and Trypanosoma parasites plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases. Although Evans’s modified Tobie and Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle media, for Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi, respectively, are the two commonly used media for both isolation and maintenance of strains in vitro, their preparation is expensive and laborious and requires fresh rabbit blood from housed animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro growth of both parasites with an alternative monophasic, blood-free, easy, and affordable medium called RPMI-PY, which was previously demonstrated suitable for the in vitro growth of Leishmania infantum. The potential growth of different Leishmania species and Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated in traditional culture media versus RPMI-PY medium, and we recorded the protozoa parasites’ morphology via orange acridine–ethidium bromide staining. The results of our study show that RPMI-PY medium can be used for Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania amazonensis, Leishmania major, and Leishmania tropica species since in all the species except Leishmania braziliensis, the exponential growth of the parasite was observed, in many cases higher than conventional media. The staining confirmed not only their growth during the 72 h investigation but also the optimal morphology and viability of the protozoa in the RPMI-PY medium.

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Metabolic Alteration of Trypanosoma cruzi during Differentiation of Epimastigote to Trypomastigote Forms

Cited by 10 publications

References 50 publications

Development of Novel Drugs for the Treatment of Chagas Disease

Development of Novel Drugs for the Treatment of Chagas Disease

Regulatory Functions of Hypoxia in Host–Parasite Interactions: A Focus on Enteric, Tissue, and Blood Protozoa

Cultivation of Protozoa Parasites In Vitro: Growth Potential in Conventional Culture Media versus RPMI-PY Medium

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