Meta-Analysis of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LCω-3PUFA) and Prostate Cancer

Alexander, Dominik D.; Bassett, Julie K.; Weed, Douglas L.; Barrett, Erin Cernkovich; Watson, Heather; Harris, William S.

doi:10.1080/01635581.2015.1015745

Cited by 33 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Cohort studies assessing the risk of PrCa mortality suggested an association between higher intake and decreased risk. The results of this review are consistent with other systematic reviews conducted, 70 , 71 which also assessed prevention and secondary PrCa outcomes using diet and supplement exposure and found no association.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Fish-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review

et al. 2016

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Background. The use of natural health products in prostate cancer (PrCa) is high despite a lack of evidence with respect to safety and efficacy. Fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory effects and preclinical data suggest a protective effect on PrCa incidence and progression; however, human studies have yielded conflicting results. Methods. A search of OVID MEDLINE, Pre-MEDLINE, Embase, and the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED) was completed for human interventional or observational data assessing the safety and efficacy of fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids in the incidence and progression of PrCa. Results. Of 1776 citations screened, 54 publications reporting on 44 studies were included for review and analysis: 4 reports of 3 randomized controlled trials, 1 nonrandomized clinical trial, 20 reports of 14 cohort studies, 26 reports of 23 case-control studies, and 3 case-cohort studies. The interventional studies using fish oil supplements in patients with PrCa showed no impact on prostate-specific antigen levels; however, 2 studies showed a decrease in inflammatory or other cancer markers. A small number of mild adverse events were reported and interactions with other interventions were not assessed. Cohort and case-control studies assessing the relationship between dietary fish intake and the risk of PrCa were equivocal. Cohort studies assessing the risk of PrCa mortality suggested an association between higher intake of fish and decreased risk of prostate cancer–related death. Conclusions. Current evidence is insufficient to suggest a relationship between fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid and risk of PrCa. An association between higher omega-3 intake and decreased PrCa mortality may be present but more research is needed. More intervention trials or observational studies with precisely measured exposure are needed to assess the impact of fish oil supplements and dietary fish-derived omega-3 fatty acid intake on safety, PrCa incidence, treatment, and progression.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Fish-Derived Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review

et al. 2016

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“…In the first meta-analysis previously referenced [ 14 ], five estimates of risk for breast cancer did not show a significant association, and no effects were found for cancers of the aero-digestive tract, bladder, colorectum, ovary, pancreas or stomach, or for lymphoma. While a recent study observed that high levels of serum phospholipid omega-3 FA (a biomarker) were associated with a large increase in the risk of high-grade prostate cancer [ 17 ], subsequent systematic review and meta-analysis, including 12 studies of self-reported dietary intake of omega-3 FA and 9 biomarker studies, failed to find an association between omega-3 FA and prostate cancer [ 18 ]. These ambiguities require clarification and undoubtedly will require randomized, double-blinded intervention trials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Benefits of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer

Black

Rhodes

2016

JCM

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Considerable circumstantial evidence has accrued from both experimental animal and human clinical studies that support a role for omega-3 fatty acids (FA) in the prevention of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Direct evidence from animal studies has shown that omega-3 FA inhibit ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced carcinogenic expression. In contrast, increasing levels of dietary omega-6 FA increase UVR carcinogenic expression, with respect to a shorter tumor latent period and increased tumor multiplicity. Both omega-6 and omega-3 FA are essential FA, necessary for normal growth and maintenance of health and although these two classes of FA exhibit only minor structural differences, these differences cause them to act significantly differently in the body. Omega-6 and omega-3 FA, metabolized through the lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways, lead to differential metabolites that are influential in inflammatory and immune responses involved in carcinogenesis. Clinical studies have shown that omega-3 FA ingestion protects against UVR-induced genotoxicity, raises the UVR-mediated erythema threshold, reduces the level of pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in UVR-irradiated human skin, and appears to protect human skin from UVR-induced immune-suppression. Thus, there is considerable evidence that omega-3 FA supplementation might be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of NMSC, especially in those individuals who are at highest risk.

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“…Although the overwhelming weight of evidence supports beneficial effects of dietary n‐3 LC‐PUFA, there has been some negative reporting such as that on prostate cancer that impacted on sales of fish oil capsules for direct human consumption . However, a very recent meta‐analysis across approximately 20 studies did not support an association between n‐3 LC‐PUFA and prostate cancer . Other meta‐analyses studies have questioned the efficacy of n‐3 supplements for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease .…”

Section: Importance Of N‐3 Lc‐pufa In Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%