Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine

Abstract

In recent decades, the biomedical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. MSCs are easily extracted from the bone marrow, fat, and synovium, and differentiate into various cell lineages according to the requirements of specific biomedical applications. As MSCs do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immune stimulating molecules, they are not detected by immune surveillance and do not lead to graft rejection after transplantation. These properties make them competent biomedical candidates, especially in tissue engineering. We present a brief overview of MSC extraction methods and subsequent potential for differentiation, and a comprehensive overview of their preclinical and clinical applications in regenerative medicine, and discuss future challenges.

Proteins and Peptides as Important Modifiers of the Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications—A Review

“…Growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules that transmit signals to modulate cellular activities [19,25,72,84]. The GFs are produced by many cells, which are involved in regenerative processes.…”

“…Combination of the GFs with suitable biomaterial allows for preservation of GFs activity and enables their sustained release. Among the many known growth factors, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), basic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are most commonly used for TE applications [19,25,32,36,72,73,84,85,[91][92][93]. This review focuses on three of them, i.e., BMPs, FGF-2, and VEGF.…”

“…Recently, it is considered that adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) constitute a "gold standard" for regenerative medicine [19,22,23]. Given available sources of MSCs, they are mainly isolated from bone marrow (BMSCs) as well as adipose tissue (ASCs) [24][25][26]. The MSCs possess capacity to self-renew and differentiate into various cells, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, myocytes, and osteoblasts [25,26].…”

“…Given available sources of MSCs, they are mainly isolated from bone marrow (BMSCs) as well as adipose tissue (ASCs) [24][25][26]. The MSCs possess capacity to self-renew and differentiate into various cells, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, myocytes, and osteoblasts [25,26]. In the ex vivo strategy, including inter alia fabrication of bioactive construct, the isolated cells need suitable support for growth (scaffold) and biological signals (mainly growth factors), which promote their growth, proliferation, and differentiation into desired tissue type [25,[27][28][29].…”

GARP is a key molecule for mesenchymal stromal cell responses to TGF-β and fundamental to control mitochondrial ROS levels

“…Isolated MSCs have been defined as plastic adherent, CD73 + CD90 + CD105 + CD11b − CD31 − CD45 − cells that can differentiate into adipocytes, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts in vitro. in vitro expanded MSCs have been shown to promote tissue repair and inhibit inflammatory/autoimmune responses in preclinical and human clinical trials . However, despite promising results and the observed safety, the beneficial effects of MSCs in many clinical trials have been disappointing …”