Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Clinical Applications in Osteoarthritis

Abstract

Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disorder characterized by articular cartilage destruction and osteophyte formation. Chondrocytes in the matrix have a relatively slow turnover rate, and the tissue itself lacks a blood supply to support repair and remodeling. Researchers have evaluated the effectiveness of stem cell therapy and tissue engineering for treating osteoarthritis. All sources of stem cells, including embryonic, induced pluripotent, fetal, and adult stem cells, have potential use in stem cell therapy, which provides a permanent biological solution. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord show considerable promise for use in cartilage repair. MSCs can be sourced from any or all joint tissues and can modulate the immune response. Additionally, MSCs can directly differentiate into chondrocytes under appropriate signal transduction. They also have immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory paracrine effects. This article reviews the current clinical applications of MSCs and future directions of research in osteoarthritis.

Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell based therapy for osteoarthritis

“…difficult to obtain large cell population of only chondrocytes [15,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) Can undergo self-renewal and are pluripotent; unlimited proliferative potential; can differentiate into cartilage; can be derived from human chondrocytes and differentiated into chondrocytes; autologous source, which means immune rejection is less likely than in ESCs…”

Evaluation of Cilia Function in Rat Trachea Reconstructed Using Collagen Sponge Scaffold Seeded with Adipose Tissue‐Derived Stem Cells

“…Additionally, ciliated cells exposed to extracellular signaling molecules, such as interferon-γ, and interleukin (IL)-13 and -17, during their differentiation process demonstrated altered cilia structure and motility (Laoukili et al, 2001;Pawsey et al, 2011;Jiao et al, 2016). ASCs secrete various growth factors and cytokines, including VEGF, HGF, and IL-10 (Rehman et al, 2004;Zaragosi et al, 2006;Kilroy et al, 2007;Salgado et al, 2010), and the secretome of ASCs is considered beneficial for regeneration of injured tissues by virtue of its paracrine and anti-inflammatory effects (Marfia et al, 2015;Chang et al, 2016). However, in the present study, at 3 weeks post-operation, the reconstructed region in the ASC group exhibited similar levels of CBF as that in the normal tracheal region in the present study.…”

One Step Tissue Engineering for Cartilage Reconstruction in Severe Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Ankle: A Comprehensive Review of the Technique Resorting to Isolated BMAC or ADSCS and their Last Combination

“…This provides, at least at medium-term data, remission of pain and swelling, with good functional recovery and the ability to resume previous work activity, as compared to the ACT technique, with the advantage of a single operative step and a significant cost reduction [8,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”