“…ROS may also be generated by environmental changes such as heat, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide-generating agents [e.g., menadione (MD) and paraquat], and irradiation. ROS damages a variety of cellular components such as DNA fragmentation, protein or enzyme inactivation, modification of carbohydrate compounds, and change of membrane fluidity by lipid peroxidation (Jamieson, 1998;Le Moan et al, 2006;Castro et al, 2007). In order to overcome transient or continuous ROS challenges, cells have evolved a variety of enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin-dependent thiol peroxidases) and non-enzymatic (trehalose) antioxidant defense systems, which are capable of protecting them from free radicals and their by-products, leading to the repair of stress-induced cellular damage, and therefore can protect the cellular constituents (MoradasFerreira and Costa, 2000;Querol et al, 2003;Fernandes et al, 2007;Herrero et al, 2008;Lopez-Mirabal and Winther, 2008).…”