Medical countermeasures for unwanted CBRN exposures: part II radiological and nuclear threats with review of recent countermeasure patents

Singh, Vijay K.; Romaine, Patricia L. P.; Newman, Victoria L.; Seed, Thomas M.

doi:10.1080/13543776.2016.1231805

Cited by 36 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Rhesus macaques were used in recently reviewed studies to assess the efficacy of Neupogen (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), filgrastim) and Neulasta (PEGylated G-CSF, PEGfilgrastim), leading to their FDA approval for H-ARS [27,29,56]. There are several promising radiation countermeasures which are being investigated in NHPs for efficacy (Table 2) [28,57–73].…”

Section: Suitability Of Nhps As Animals Models For Studying Radiatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman primates as models for the discovery and development of radiation countermeasures

Singh

Olabisi

2017

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery

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Introduction Despite significant scientific advances over the past six decades toward the development of safe and effective radiation countermeasures for humans using animal models, only two pharmaceutical agents have been approved by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS). Additional research efforts are needed to further develop large animal models for improving the prediction of clinical safety and effectiveness of radiation countermeasures for ARS and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE) in humans. Area covered The authors review the suitability of animal models for the development of radiation countermeasures for ARS following the FDA Animal Rule with a special focus on nonhuman primate (NHP) models of ARS. There are seven centers in the United States currently conducting studies with irradiated NHPs, with the majority of studies being conducted with rhesus monkeys. Expert opinion The NHP model is considered the gold standard animal model for drug development and approval by the FDA. The lack of suitable substitutes to NHP models for predicting response in humans serves as a bottleneck for the development of radiation countermeasures. Additional large animal models need to be characterized to support the development and FDA-approval of new radiation countermeasures.

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Section: Suitability Of Nhps As Animals Models For Studying Radiatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonhuman primates as models for the discovery and development of radiation countermeasures

Singh

Olabisi

2017

Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery

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“…57 Treatments for emesis include ondansetron (approved for children of all ages) or granisetron (approved for children 2 years and older); bone marrow depression is treated with colony-stimulating factors like filgrastim, sargramostim, and pegfilgrastim. 58 These drugs are available, in some cases in limited quantities, in the Strategic National Stockpile.…”

Section: Arsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pediatric Considerations Before, During, and After Radiological or Nuclear Emergencies

2018

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children, and adolescents can be exposed unexpectedly to ionizing radiation from nuclear power plant events, improvised nuclear or radiologic dispersal device explosions, or inappropriate disposal of radiotherapy equipment. Children are likely to experience higher external and internal radiation exposure levels than adults because of their smaller body and organ size and other physiologic characteristics as well as their tendency to pick up contaminated items and consume contaminated milk or foodstuffs. This technical report accompanies the revision of the 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement on pediatric radiation emergencies by summarizing newer scientific data from studies of the Chernobyl and the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant events, use of improvised radiologic dispersal devices, exposures from inappropriate disposal of radiotherapy equipment, and potential health effects from residential proximity to nuclear plants. Also included are recommendations from epidemiological studies and biokinetic models to address mitigation efforts. The report includes major emphases on acute radiation syndrome, acute and long-term psychological effects, cancer risks, and other late tissue reactions after low-to-high levels of radiation exposure. Results, along with public health and clinical implications, are described from studies of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, nuclear plant accidents (eg, Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima), improper disposal of radiotherapy equipment in Goiania, Brazil, and residence in proximity to nuclear plants. Measures to reduce radiation exposure in the immediate aftermath of a radiologic or nuclear disaster are described, including the diagnosis and management of external and internal contamination, use of potassium iodide, and actions in relation to breastfeeding.

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“…On the other hand, launching drones above a heat source causing severe turbulence requires the ability to predict and control their behavior, lest theybelost immediately. The situation is analogous, whenever the accidental or deliberate release of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) substances is involved [1][2][3][4]. The Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Nuclear-explosive (CBRNe) events management is one of the most complex sets of analysis, procedures, rules, and courses of actions that an organization has to follow in order to properly react to such a threat and minimize its consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Radiation Detection by Drones through Numerical Fluid Dynamics Simulations

Marturano

Ciparisse

Chierici

et al. 2020

Sensors

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This study addresses the optimization of the location of a radioactive-particle sensor on a drone. Based on the analysis of the physical process and of the boundary conditions introduced in the model, computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to analyze how the turbulence caused by drone propellers may influence the response of the sensors. Our initial focus was the detection of a small amount of radioactivity, such as that associated with a release of medical waste. Drones equipped with selective low-cost sensors could be quickly sent to dangerous areas that first responders might not have access to and be able to assess the level of danger in a few seconds, providing details about the source terms to Radiological-Nuclear (RN) advisors and decision-makers. Our ultimate application is the simulation of complex scenarios where fluid-dynamic instabilities are combined with elevated levels of radioactivity, as was the case during the Chernobyl and Fukushima nuclear power plant accidents. In similar circumstances, accurate mapping of the radioactive plume would provide invaluable input-data for the mathematical models that can predict the dispersion of radioactivity in time and space. This information could be used as input for predictive models and decision support systems (DSS) to get a full situational awareness. In particular, these models may be used either to guide the safe intervention of first responders or the later need to evacuate affected regions.

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Medical countermeasures for unwanted CBRN exposures: part II radiological and nuclear threats with review of recent countermeasure patents

Cited by 36 publications

References 70 publications

Nonhuman primates as models for the discovery and development of radiation countermeasures

Nonhuman primates as models for the discovery and development of radiation countermeasures

Pediatric Considerations Before, During, and After Radiological or Nuclear Emergencies

Enhancing Radiation Detection by Drones through Numerical Fluid Dynamics Simulations

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