Mediators between oral dysbiosis and cardiovascular diseases

Abstract

Clinical periodontitis is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through systemic inflammation as the etiopathogenic link. Whether the oral microbiota, especially its quality, quantity, serology, and virulence factors, plays a role in atherogenesis is not clarified. Patients with periodontitis are exposed to bacteria and their products, which have access to the circulation directly through inflamed oral tissues and indirectly (via saliva) through the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in systemic inflammatory and immunologic responses. Periodontitis is associated with persistent endotoxemia, which has been identified as a notable cardiometabolic risk factor. The serology of bacterial biomarkers for oral dysbiosis is associated with an increased risk for subclinical atherosclerosis, prevalent and future coronary artery disease, and incident and recurrent stroke. In addition to species-specific antibodies, the immunologic response includes persistent, cross-reactive, proatherogenic antibodies against host-derived antigens. Periodontitis may affect lipoprotein metabolism at all levels, and all lipoprotein classes are affected. Periodontitis or its bacterial signatures may be involved not only in increased storage of proatherogenic lipids but also in attenuation of the anti-atherogenic processes, thereby putatively increasing the net risk of atherosclerosis. In this review we summarize possible molecular mediators between the dysbiotic oral microbiota and atherosclerotic processes.

Antibacterial activity of disodium succinoyl glycyrrhetinate, a derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid against Streptococcus mutans

“…8,9 Additionally, periodontitis is associated with lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis, as well as pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis. [10][11][12][13][14][15] These findings indicate that oral care is important in prevention of both oral and systemic diseases. Inhibition/removal of dental plaque is an important component of dental care because dental plaque is a hotbed for dental caries and periodontitis.…”

“…Oral bacteria can reportedly cause aspiration pneumonia, endocarditis, and artificial joint replacement surgery infections . Additionally, periodontitis is associated with lifestyle diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis, as well as pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis . These findings indicate that oral care is important in prevention of both oral and systemic diseases.…”

Saliva: a pontential tool in Dentistry.

“…En los últimos años se han estudiado posibles marcadores salivales, considerando la ventaja del uso de este fluido respecto al crevicular, por su obtención más sencilla y menos invasiva. Entre las bacterias específicas relacionadas con las EP, el complejo rojo de Socransky 58 constituido por Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola y Tannerella forsythia, han probado ser biomarcadores de estas enfermedades a través de estudios genómicos 59,60 . Estas bacterias Gram negativas producen LPS, que pueden identificarse tanto en el fluido crevicular como en la saliva.…”

“…En el progreso de la destrucción de los tejidos periodontales, también pueden identificarse en la saliva metaloproteinasas de la matriz periodontal, como MMP-8 y MMP-9, la enzima LDH y la aspartatoaminotransferasa y el TIMP-2 4,60,64,65 . Además de estas proteínas, otros metabolitos salivales como el óxido nítrico, la 8hidroxideoxguanosina, el factor de activación plaquetario y metabolitos de los ácidos grasos (neopterina, docosapentaenoato, linoleato, lisolípidos, monoacilglicerol y araquidonato) han sido asociados a los procesos inflamatorios 60 . Se ha observado que estos marcadores se encuentran aumentados en los pacientes con enfermedad periodontal respecto a controles sanos, en correlación directa con la carga bacteriana periodontopática, e inclusive se ha reportado su disminución luego de 6 a 12 semanas de terapias profilácticas 66 .…”

Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on gut dysbiosis and arthritis exacerbation in mouse model

“…Furthermore, gut dysbiosis by inoculating Pg has been reported to be involved in the progression of experimental arthritis [17]. Periodontopathogenic bacteria, including Pg, is included in dental plaque and saliva [19]. Therefore, it is plausible that Pg inoculation of the periodontitis patients can be involved in changing gut microbiota.…”