Mechanics of the Compression Wood Response

Archer, Robert R.; Wilson, Brayton F.

doi:10.1104/pp.51.4.777

Cited by 36 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These three phases have not been acknowledged in the literature about gravitropism in trees. In the gymnosperm stems of Pinus strobus, Archer and Wilson (1973) also reported that shifts in the location of compression wood from one side of the stem to the other started before the overshooting of the vertical. Although they did not recognize it as autotropism and did not emphasize this phenomenon in their subsequent synthetic reviews (e.g.…”

Section: Discussion Kinematical Analysis Of the Righting Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, it has been referred to as autotropic straightening (Firn and Digby, 1979;Tarui and Iino, 1997), automorphosis (Hoson et al, 1995), or autotropism (Meskauskas et al, 1999b), depending on the author (see Stankovic and Volkmann, 1998, for a discussion about the use of these terms). These biphasic responses have been rarely mentioned for trees (Archer and Wilson, 1973;Fournier et al, 1994, on conifers), and the question of whether or not it is autotropism has not been addressed. The first question to be raised is: Does the gravitropic movement in radially growing parts of axes exhibit the same pattern as the one in elongating organs?…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies of gravitropism in aerial organs with secondary radial growth such as tree trunks or branches are less frequent (e.g. Sinnott, 1952;Archer and Wilson, 1973;Yoshisawa and Okamoto, 1986;Wilson and Gartner, 1996). Moreover, quantification and mechanical analyses of the tropic movement of lignified axes over time have been little considered (except for a few studies on conifers; Archer andWilson 1973, 1982;Fournier et al, 1994).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Biomechanical models, based on explicit mechanical relationships between the motor processes and the gravitropic response have only been developed for tropic movements, due to secondary growth (Archer and Wilson, 1973;Archer, 1986;Fournier et al, 1994;Almeras et al, 2005). Following the above mentioned works of Archer and coworkers, Fournier et al (1994) proposed a simple model to simulate the changes in shape of a lignified stem during its gravitropic movement.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Gravitropic Response of Poplar Trunks: Key Roles of Prestressed Wood Regulation and the Relative Kinetics of Cambial Growth versus Wood Maturation

2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In tree trunks, the motor of gravitropism involves radial growth and differentiation of reaction wood (Archer, 1986). The first aim of this study was to quantify the kinematics of gravitropic response in young poplar (Populus nigra x Populus deltoides, 'I4551') by measuring the kinematics of curvature fields along trunks. Three phases were identified, including latency, upward curving, and an anticipative autotropic decurving, which has been overlooked in research on trees. The biological and mechanical bases of these processes were investigated by assessing the biomechanical model of Fournier et al. (1994). Its application at two different time spans of integration made it possible to test hypotheses on maturation, separating the effects of radial growth and cross section size from those of wood prestressing. A significant correlation between trunk curvature and Fournier's model integrated over the growing season was found, but only explained 32% of the total variance. Moreover, over a week's time period, the model failed due to a clear out phasing of the kinetics of radial growth and curvature that the model does not take into account. This demonstrates a key role of the relative kinetics of radial growth and the maturation process during gravitropism. Moreover, the degree of maturation strains appears to differ in the tension woods produced during the upward curving and decurving phases. Cell wall maturation seems to be regulated to achieve control over the degree of prestressing of tension wood, providing effective control of trunk shape.

show abstract

Section: Discussion Kinematical Analysis Of the Righting Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Gravitropic Response of Poplar Trunks: Key Roles of Prestressed Wood Regulation and the Relative Kinetics of Cambial Growth versus Wood Maturation

2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The overall result of bending is well known, but the dynamics of the process has been studied only in stems (1,2). Apical control decreases diameter growth in white pine branches (15), but Munch (7) stated that girdles below a branch increased cambial activity without affecting branch movements, suggesting that movement and cambial activity are controlled separately.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Apical Control of Branch Movements in White Pine: Biological Aspects

Wilson¹,

Archer²

1981

Plant Physiol.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Two-year-old branches on control trees (Pins strobus L.) were compared through a season with branches on trees stem-girdled just above, or below, the branch whorL AU branches first sagged down for 20 days and then moved up for 40 days. Then, control branches reversed and moved back down while branches in both girdle treatments continued to move up. Movement reversal correlated with cessation of both elongation and diameter growth in control branches. Diameter growth continued in branches of girdled trees. Control branches continued to stiffen even after diameter growth stopped. Dffferences in movements due to gdling are from compression wood formed after cessation of branch elongation. Apical control stops cambial activity and compression wood formation in branches after branch elongation ceases, allowing photosynthate produced in the branch to move to the stem. Control branches bend down from increasing selfweight after cambial activity ceases.In white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and most conifers, when the terminal shoot is intact, the lateral branches gradually sag downward over the years. When the terminal shoot is injured or when the stem is girdled above a branch, the uppermost branch bends upward to replace the terminal (4,7,14,15). This bending is from compression wood action in older portions ofthe branch, not from geotropic bending of elongating shoots (16,17). The overall result of bending is well known, but the dynamics of the process has been studied only in stems (1, 2). Apical control decreases diameter growth in white pine branches (15), but Munch (7) stated that girdles below a branch increased cambial activity without affecting branch movements, suggesting that movement and cambial activity are controlled separately. The present paper describes the results of stem girdling experiments to modify apical control of the movements of the 2-year-old portion of 2-year-old branches during their third growing season. We also followed changes in mechanical factors that affect bending and branch movements

show abstract

Growth Patterns of Plants That Maximize Vertical Growth and Minimize Internal Stresses

Niklas

O’Rourke

1982

American J of Botany

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The geometry of plant axis flexure is analyzed as the result of orthotropic growth and the stresses caused by a vertical weight distribution along the axis. Distal responses to light and gravity and proximal sagging flexure result in a curvilinear axial geometry. The stresses associated with this geometry are analyzed by means of the flexure theory for curved beams. A flexed plant axis is shown to conform to some portion of a logarithmic spiral, r = r0ekθ, of which a special case is circular flexure, k 0. Calculations of the maximum bending moment, Mmax and the maximum tensile stress, max, acting parallel to the axis indicate that the optimal mode of flexure (one that minimizes Mmax and max) is some arc of a circle. Examination of 11 plant taxa indicates that this mode of curvature is statistically the most prevalent condition in plants lacking or having limited secondary growth. Indeterminate apical growth of orthotropic axes is shown to result in a type of failure where portions of vertical axes are reapportioned into a horizontal or supported position.

show abstract

Mechanics of the Compression Wood Response

Cited by 36 publications

References 4 publications

The Gravitropic Response of Poplar Trunks: Key Roles of Prestressed Wood Regulation and the Relative Kinetics of Cambial Growth versus Wood Maturation

The Gravitropic Response of Poplar Trunks: Key Roles of Prestressed Wood Regulation and the Relative Kinetics of Cambial Growth versus Wood Maturation

Apical Control of Branch Movements in White Pine: Biological Aspects

Growth Patterns of Plants That Maximize Vertical Growth and Minimize Internal Stresses

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About