Mechanics of cutting maneuvers by ostriches (<i>Struthio camelus</i>)

Jindrich, Devin L.; Smith, Nicola C.; Jespers, Karin J. M.; Wilson, Alan M.

doi:10.1242/jeb.001545

Cited by 49 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Similar maneuvering has been studied in ostriches [10]. The simplest way to accomplish this maneuver with a deadbeat-controlled SLIP is with a shift in the control law.…”

Section: Other Gaits and Maneuversmentioning

confidence: 84%

Lateral stability of the spring-mass hopper suggests a two-step control strategy for running

Carver

Cowan

Guckenheimer

2009

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

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This paper investigates control of running gaits in the context of a spring loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model in three dimensions. Specifically, it determines the minimal number of steps required for an animal to recover from a perturbation to a specified gait. The model has four control inputs per step: two touchdown angles (azimuth and elevation) and two spring constants (compression and decompression). By representing the locomotor movement as a discrete-time return map and using the implicit function theorem we show that the number of recovery steps needed following a perturbation depends upon the goals of the control mechanism.When the goal is to follow a straight line, two steps are necessary and sufficient for small lateral perturbations. Multi-step control laws have a larger number of control inputs than outputs, so solutions of the control problem are not unique. Additional constraints, referred to here as synergies, are imposed to determine unique control inputs for perturbations. For some choices of synergies, two step control can be expressed as two iterations of its first step policy and designed so that recovery occurs in just one step for all perturbations for which one step recovery is possible.

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“…Similar maneuvering has been studied in ostriches [10]. The simplest way to accomplish this maneuver with a deadbeat-controlled SLIP is with a shift in the control law.…”

Section: Other Gaits and Maneuversmentioning

confidence: 84%

Lateral stability of the spring-mass hopper suggests a two-step control strategy for running

Carver

Cowan

Guckenheimer

2009

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

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“…Currently, knowledge of intralimb coordination of avian terrestrial locomotion is restricted to guinea fowl (Gatesy, 1999a;Gatesy, 1999b), chicken (Jacobson and Hollyday, 1982;Manion, 1984;Muir et al, 1996), quail (Reilly, 2000;Abourachid et al, 2011), pigeon (Cracraft, 1971), magpie (Verstappen et al, 2000) and several Struthioniformes (e.g. Abourachid and Renous, 2000;Jindrich et al, 2007;Rubenson et al, 2007;Smith et al, 2010). Although Gatesy (Gatesy, 1999a) demonstrated the necessity of applying X-ray technology for an accurate and reproducible analysis of the kinematics of avian terrestrial locomotion, very few studies have since used this method in analyses of avian bipedalism (Abourachid et al, 2011;Provini et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative intralimb coordination in avian bipedal locomotion

Stoessel

Fischer

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAnalyses of how intralimb coordination during locomotion varies within and across different taxa are necessary for understanding the morphological and neurological basis for locomotion in general. Previous findings suggest that intralimb proportions are the major source of kinematic variation that governs intralimb coordination across taxa. Also, independence of kinematics from habitat preference and phylogenetic position has been suggested for mammals. This leads to the hypothesis that among equally sized bird species exhibiting equal limb proportions, similar kinematics can be observed. To test this hypothesis, the bipedal locomotion of two distantly related ground-dwelling bird species (Eudromia elegans and Coturnix coturnix) and of a less terrestrial species (Corvus monedula) was investigated by means of a biplanar high-speed X-ray videographic analysis. Birds exhibited similar intralimb proportions and were filmed over a broad range of speed while moving on a treadmill. Joint and limb element angles, as well as pelvic rotations, were quantified. Regarding fore-aft motions of the limb joints and elements, a congruent pattern of intralimb coordination was observed among all experimental species. The sample of species suggests that this is largely independent of their habitat preference and systematic position and seems to be related to demands for coping with an irregular terrain with a minimum of necessary control. Hence, the initial hypothesis was confirmed. However, this congruence is not found when looking at medio-lateral limb motions and pelvic rotations, showing distinct differences between grounddwellers (e.g. largely restricted to a parasagittal plane) and C. monedula (e.g. increased mobility of the hip joint). Supplementary material available online at

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“…The 3rd toe sustains 105 most of the ground reaction force during locomotion and its claw provides the forces at 106 push-off in fast locomotion. While the 4th toe functions as a lateral support during 107 locomotion (Schaller et al, 2007(Schaller et al, , 2011 Although a large number of studies have been conducted to investigate the ostrich hindlimb 112 kinematics during locomotion (Haughton, 1865;Alexander et al, 1979;Alexander, 1985; 113 Gatesy and Biewener, 1991;Abourachid and Renous, 2000;Jindrich et al, 2007;Rubenson 114 et al, 2004Rubenson 114 et al, , 2007Rubenson 114 et al, , 2010Watson et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2006Smith et al, , 2007Smith et al, , 2010Smith et al, , 2013Schaller et 115 al., 2009Schaller et 115 al., , 2011Birn-Jeffery et al, 2014;Hutchinson et al, 2015), those kinematic analyses 116 were mainly focused on hip, knee and ankle joints. So far, little is known about the relative 117 motions of the 3rd and 4th toes intrinsic joints and the metatarsophalangeal joint during 118 ostrich foot locomotion.…”

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confidence: 99%

Phalangeal joints kinematics during Ostrich (Struthio Camelus) locomotion

Zhang

Luo

et al. 2016

Preprint

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The ostrich is a highly cursorial bipedal land animal with a permanently elevated metatarsophalangeal joint supported by only two toes. Although locomotor kinematics in walking and running ostriches have been examined, these studies have been largely limited to above the metatarsophalangeal joint. In this study, kinematic data of all major toe joints were collected from walking to running during stance period in a semi-natural setup with selected cooperative ostriches. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate the effect of locomotor gait on toe joint kinematics. The MTP3 and MTP4 joints exhibit the largest range of motion whereas the first phalangeal joint of the 4th toe shows the largest motion variability. The interphalangeal joints of the 3rd and 4th toes present very similar motion patterns over stance phases of walking and running. However, the motion patterns of the MTP3 and MTP4 joints and the vertical displacement of the metatarsophalangeal joint are significantly different during running from walking. This is probably because of the biomechanical requirements for the inverted pendulum gait at low speeds and also the bouncing gait at high speeds. Interestingly, the motions of the MTP3 and MTP4 joints are highly synchronised from slow to fast locomotion. This strongly suggests that the 3rd and 4th toes really work as an integrated system with the 3rd toe as the main load bearing element whilst the 4th toe as the complementary load sharing element with a primary role to ensure the lateral stability of the permanently elevated metatarsophalangeal joint.

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Mechanics of cutting maneuvers by ostriches (Struthio camelus)

Cited by 49 publications

References 35 publications

Lateral stability of the spring-mass hopper suggests a two-step control strategy for running

Lateral stability of the spring-mass hopper suggests a two-step control strategy for running

Comparative intralimb coordination in avian bipedal locomotion

Phalangeal joints kinematics during Ostrich (Struthio Camelus) locomotion

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