Mechanical properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites: influence of network morphology

Breton, Y.; Désarmot, G.; Salvetat, Jean‐Paul; Delpeux, Sandrine; Sinturel, Christophe; Béguin, François; Bonnamy, Sylvie

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2003.12.026

Cited by 171 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…1,2) and the values of the specific surface area (see table), the diameter of the forming carbon nanotubes is little dependent on the mode of catalyst preparation and amount of aerosil introduced, being about 10 320 nm for the given catalyst, with a minor inclusion of thicker nanotubes. The diameter of the inner channel is, on the average, approximately half of the outer diameter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Synthesis of Fine Carbon Nanotubes on Coprecipitated Metal Oxide Catalysts

2005

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Catalysts for vapor-phase deposition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes are considered. A method for synthesis of iron-containing catalyst by coprecipitation of aluminum, magnesium, and iron(II) hydroxides is suggested.Carbon nanotubes (CNT), which were only available in milligram amounts several years ago, are gradually becoming a product of large-tonnage synthesis. Simultaneously with the increase in the production scale, new application fields of CNT are being revealed. For example, Hyperion Catalysis International Co. (USA) manufactures CNT 10315 nm in diameter and CNT-containing polymeric formulations. Introduction of 235% CNT into polymeric materials makes them electrically conducting and thereby hinders accumulation of static electricity [1]. Mechanical properties of CNT-filled polymeric materials have been studied [23 4]. CNT and CNT-based composites are under intensive scientific and technological development in China [5310].According to the results of [9], the most valuable are fine CNT less than 20 nm in diameter. In the best variants reported in numerous publications devoted to synthesis of multi-walled CNT by the chemical vapor deposition technique, the CNT diameter is 10 320 nm. The authors of the present study are not aware of any method for obtaining multi-walled CNT with an average diameter of less than 10 nm.It is commonly believed, even though this issue remains insufficiently studied, that the diameter of a growing nanotube is determined by the size of the cluster of a catalytically active metal, e.g., iron, cobalt, or nickel. Presumably, the most efficient way to obtain and stabilize nanosize clusters of catalytically active metals is their immobilization on some highly dispersed or porous support, e.g., aluminum oxide, silicon, magnesium, or carbon. For this purpose, a dispersed support is impregnated with solutions of metal compounds (nitrates, acetylacetonates, salts of organic acids, etc.) On being introduced into a hot reactor, these compounds decompose to give, commonly, metal oxides, from which catalytically active metal clusters are formed in a reducing atmosphere (as a rule, a mixture of hydrogen and hydrocarbons). Such a procedure for fabrication of catalysts for synthesis of multi-walled CNT was described, e.g., in the patent [11]. Aluminum oxide with a particle size of about 10 nm was used as a highly dispersed support, and nitrates and acetylacetonates of iron, molybdenum, manganese, and chromium, and mixtures of these, as compounds of catalytically active metals. Ethylene mixed with hydrogen served as a source of carbon. The mass of the multi-walled CNT obtained was tens of times that of the catalytically active metals, and the diameter of the resulting CNT was in the range from 3.5 to 70 nm. The method described has the following disadvantage. As a result of impregnation and drying, particles of the material undergo aggregation and the size of metal oxide clusters formed in pyrolysis may markedly exceed the particle size of the highly dispersed support. Thus, the nanotubes obtain...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Synthesis of Fine Carbon Nanotubes on Coprecipitated Metal Oxide Catalysts

2005

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“…The presence of these groups may have improved interfacial bonding. [104] Bai observed a doubling of Young's modulus, from 1.2 to 2.4 GPa, on addition of 1 wt.-% CVD-MWNTs. This corresponds to a reinforcement value of dY/dV f ∼ 330 GPa, which is the largest observed for an epoxy-based composite as measured by tensile testing.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Composites Based On Thermosetting Pmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mechanical Reinforcement of Polymers Using Carbon Nanotubes

2006

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Owing to their unique mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes are considered to be ideal candidates for polymer reinforcement. However, a large amount of work must be done in order to realize their full potential. Effective processing of nanotubes and polymers to fabricate new ultra‐strong composite materials is still a great challenge. This Review explores the progress that has already been made in the area of mechanical reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes. First, the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and the system requirements to maximize reinforcement are discussed. Then, main methods described in the literature to produce and process polymer–nanotube composites are considered and analyzed. After that, mechanical properties of various nanotube–polymer composites prepared by different techniques are critically analyzed and compared. Finally, remaining problems, the achievements so far, and the research that needs to be done in the future are discussed.

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“…Our study uses three different polymers, the choice of which was motivated as follows: as the first of our set of polymers, we followed the earlier study of Wang et al 18 in using bisphenol-F epoxy resin as a system with low molecular chain length, promoting low viscosity and good infiltration. Epoxy resins are widely used in industrial applications, and specifically in composite materials, [19][20][21][22] as epoxies offer high strength and stiffness along with resistance to environmental degradation. Epoxies also provide good bonds to gold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoporous-gold-based composites: toward tensile ductility

et al. 2015

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We report on mechanical tests on interpenetrating-phase nanocomposite materials made by vacuum impregnation of nanoscale metal networks with a polymer. The metal component is nanoporous gold made by dealloying, whereas two epoxy resins and polyurethane are explored as the polymer component. The composites are strong and deformable in compression. Although previous observations invariably indicate tensile brittleness for nanoporous gold, composite samples made from cm-sized nanoporous samples enable macroscopic tensile and four-point bending tests that show ductility. This implies that the high strength of individual metal objects such as nanowires can now be incorporated into a strong and ductile material from which macroscopic things can be formed. In fact, a rule-of-mixture-type analysis of the stresses carried by the metal phase suggests quantitative agreement with data reported from separate experiments on small-scale gold nanostructures. NPG Asia Materials (2015) 7, e187; doi:10.1038/am.2015.58; published online 12 June 2015 INTRODUCTION Nanoporous metals made by dealloying 1-3 take the form of monolithic bodies consisting of an interconnected network of nanoscale 'ligaments' in a polycrystalline microstructure with typically 10 to 100 μm grain size. 4,5 The material is under study as a model material for clarifying the deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of small-scale metal bodies such as nanowires or nanopillars. [5][6][7][8][9][10] In principle, nanoporous gold (NPG) offers the opportunity of incorporating the extremely high strength that has been reported for individual metal nanostructures, such as nanowires, 6,11-13 into a design strategy for a material that is amenable to the shaping of technologically relevant macroscopic bodies. Yet, whereas micro-scale and, more recently, macroscale nanoporous metal samples show excellent deformability in compression, 5,14 tension and bending studies so far have invariably indicated macroscopically brittle failure. 1,5,[15][16][17] This seems to prevent hopes of applying nanoporousmetal-based materials in technology. The brittle behavior has been linked to a tension-compression asymmetry of the mechanical behavior of porous bodies: while densification of the network implies strain hardening in compression, density loss in tension results in work softening. 18 This latter behavior implies a plastic instability with shear localization and brittle failure in tension. A materials design strategy that prevents the density change under load impregnates is impregnating the pore space with a ductile but lightweight phase, such as a polymer. Compression tests with mm-sized composite samples from NPG and bisphenol-F epoxy confirmed that the impregnation suppresses the density change along with the compressive strain hardening. 18 The compression tests also revealed that the large

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Mechanical properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes/epoxy composites: influence of network morphology

Cited by 171 publications

References 12 publications

Synthesis of Fine Carbon Nanotubes on Coprecipitated Metal Oxide Catalysts

Synthesis of Fine Carbon Nanotubes on Coprecipitated Metal Oxide Catalysts

Mechanical Reinforcement of Polymers Using Carbon Nanotubes

Nanoporous-gold-based composites: toward tensile ductility

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