Mechanical properties and phases determination of low carbon steel oxide scales formed at 1200°C in air

Zambrano, O.A.; Coronado, J.J.; Rodríguez, S.A.

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2015.10.028

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…As reported by former studies, the oxide layers are affected by both oxidation time and temperature . Hence, to quantify such influence in the current study, XRD analyses were conducted.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Generally, the oxide crust of pure iron comprises of three layers: wustite (FeO), the closest layer to the base metal, an intermediate layer, magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), followed by hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ) layer at the outermost. In general, the thickness ratios of these layers are reported to be 95:4:1 for wustite, magnetite, and hematite, respectively . Considering the phase ratio of wustite to other layers, it could be concluded that Fe has higher diffusivity in the wustite, whose composition has been described as Fe 1 − X O, where X could be in the range of 0.04–0.17.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the thickness ratios of these layers are reported to be 95:4:1 for wustite, magnetite, and hematite, respectively . Considering the phase ratio of wustite to other layers, it could be concluded that Fe has higher diffusivity in the wustite, whose composition has been described as Fe 1 − X O, where X could be in the range of 0.04–0.17. Wustite is known to have low hardness and acts as lubricant at high temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, magnetite shows higher hardness, whereas hematite causes severe wear on contacting surfaces by its high hardness. These characteristics could vary with respect to chemical composition of the base metal, oxidizing atmosphere, pressure, temperature, and time . Chen and Yuen reported that the growth rate of oxide layer during isothermal heat treatment of a mild steel and pure iron showed a parabolic behavior with respect to the oxidation time for temperature range of 700–1100 °C in different atmospheres including oxygen and air.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Nickel on High‐Temperature Oxidation and Characteristics of Oxide Layers in Two High‐Strength Steels

Vedaei-Sabegh

Morin²,

Jahazi

2019

steel research int.

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The oxidation behaviors of two high‐strength medium carbon steels with different Ni concentrations are investigated by means of differential thermal analysis equipped with thermogravimetry (TG). Four different oxidation temperatures and five oxidation times are tested. A parabolic behavior is observed for the oxide growth in both alloys; however, the relative increases in the oxidation rate from one temperature to another are not similar for both alloys, and the oxidation kinetics of the Ni‐rich steel are significantly lower than those of the low Ni alloy. On the basis of the TG results, the activation energy for the oxidation of the two alloys is determined. The influence of Ni content on the microstructure and characteristics of the different oxide layers is studied using a combination of laser confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results revealed a clear influence of Ni on the nature and relative presence of different oxide layers. The results are interpreted in terms of the influence of Ni on the diffusion of oxygen through the oxide layer.

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“…As reported by former studies, the oxide layers are affected by both oxidation time and temperature . Hence, to quantify such influence in the current study, XRD analyses were conducted.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Influence of Nickel on High‐Temperature Oxidation and Characteristics of Oxide Layers in Two High‐Strength Steels

Vedaei-Sabegh

Morin²,

Jahazi

2019

steel research int.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In fact, pores are related to the formation of gases entrapped in the oxide scale. The formation of small pores reduces the Young's modulus of the scale, while large pores act as stress concentrators and weaken the oxide, forming cracks [8,26,28,36]. Voids grow due to mechanical deformation (i.e., elastic/plastic) of the scales occurring on a static or dynamic motion.…”

Section: Defects In Oxide Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Scale Formation on HSLA Steel during Continuous Casting Part II: The Effect of Surface Conditions

Huitron

López

Vuorinen

et al. 2020

Metals

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The present research addresses the effect of surface condition on oxide scale formation at high temperatures such as those experienced during secondary cooling in Continuous Casting. Tests were carried out in clean, as-cast and surfaces covered with casting powder to replicate the oxidation/re-oxidation after the mould. Specimens oxidized at 1000, 1100 and 1200 °C under dry air and water-vapour conditions revealed that the oxide scale formation is strongly influenced by temperature, environmental and surface conditions. The oxide scale thickness increases with temperature alterations in the surface (e.g., as-cast and covered with powder) where oxides and carbonates from the casting powder accelerate oxidation kinetics leading to thick and unstable scales. A high amount of carbon is present on surfaces covered with casting powder where it diffuses through the oxide scale forming CO and CO2 which lead to stress accumulation that makes scales prone to defects such as pores, voids and micro-cracks. Ultimately, if wüstite remains attached to the steel surface or inside oscillation marks, it may disturb heat transfer during secondary cooling which has deep industrial implications for crack formation and overall casting yield. Therefore, accurate insights on scale type and growth mechanisms could lead to accurate control of its formation during casting.

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Corrosion protection effect of rust and scales: A “metal protects metal” perception by considering the examples of hematite and magnetite

Ratnani,

Kumari,

Verma

2023

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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The present report proposes a contradictory remark on the idiom “Iron cuts Iron” that could be synonymized as “Metal cuts Metal” using the example of hematite and magnetite. Most metals and alloys are highly reactive, forming rusts and scales primarily consisting of metal oxides. The formation of metal oxide layers is known as passivation. Generally, passivated metallic surfaces provide anticorrosive protection by avoiding the attacks of corrosive species on the fresh metal surface; therefore, “Corrosion is a Necessary Evil (CNE).” Most passive films are protective, but not all, and their actual nature can be determined using the Pilling–Bedworth ratio (PBR). In dry conditions, passivation occurs spontaneously by the oxidation of metal atoms, but in aqueous media, some external additives, called passivators, are added to build the passive films. Herein, by considering examples of hematite and magnetite, the anticorrosive properties of rusts and scales are described in dry and wet (solution and coating) environments.

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Mechanical properties and phases determination of low carbon steel oxide scales formed at 1200°C in air

Cited by 31 publications

References 47 publications

Influence of Nickel on High‐Temperature Oxidation and Characteristics of Oxide Layers in Two High‐Strength Steels

Influence of Nickel on High‐Temperature Oxidation and Characteristics of Oxide Layers in Two High‐Strength Steels

Scale Formation on HSLA Steel during Continuous Casting Part II: The Effect of Surface Conditions

Corrosion protection effect of rust and scales: A “metal protects metal” perception by considering the examples of hematite and magnetite

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