Mechanical evaluation of porous titanium (Ti6Al4V) structures with electron beam melting (EBM)

Parthasarathy, Jayanthi; Starly, Binil; Raman, S. Ganesh Sundara; Christensen, Andy

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2009.10.006

Cited by 709 publications

(454 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…While we acknowledge this advance, in this exploratory study we select Ti6Al4V because it is the most common titanium alloy used with EBM (Li et al, 2012;Li et al, 2010;Marin et al, 2010;Murr et al, 2010;Murr et al, 2012;Murr et al, 8 2009). In addition, the mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V including elastic Young's modulus, yield, ultimate and fatigue strength, are well documented in the literature for lattice samples fabricated by EBM, (Li et al, 2012;Murr et al, 2010;Murr et al, 2012;Murr et al, 2009;Parthasarathy et al, 2010). These experimental data provide reference values to verify the results of this work.…”

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confidence: 64%

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Fatigue design of a mechanically biocompatible lattice for a proof-of-concept femoral stem

Khanoki

Pasini

2013

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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A methodology is proposed to design a spatially periodic microarchitectured material for a twodimensional femoral implant under walking gait conditions. The material is composed of a graded lattice with controlled property distribution that minimizes concurrently bone resorption and interface failure. The periodic microstructure of the material is designed for fatigue fracture caused by cyclic loadings on the hip joint as a result of walking. The bulk material of the lattice is Ti6AL4V and its microstructure is assumed free of defects. The Soderberg diagram is used for the fatigue design under multiaxial loadings. Two cell topologies, square and Kagome, are chosen to obtain optimized property gradients for a two-dimensional implant. Asymptotic homogenization (AH) theory is used to address the multiscale mechanics of the implant as well as to capture the stress and strain distribution at both the macro and the microscale. The microstress distribution found with AH is also compared with that obtained from a detailed finite element analysis. For the maximum value of the von Mises stress, we observe a deviation of 18.6 % in unit cells close to the implant boundary, where the AH assumption of spatial periodicity of the fluctuating fields ceases to hold. In the second part of the paper, the metrics of bone resorption and interface shear stress are used to benchmark the graded cellular implant with existing prostheses made of fully dense titanium implant.The results show that the amount of initial postoperative bone loss for square and kagome lattice implants decreases, respectively, by 53.8% and 58%. In addition, the maximum shear interface failure at the distal end is significantly reduced by about 79%.A set of proof-of-concepts of planar implants have been fabricated via Electron Beam Melting (EBM) to demonstrate the manufacturability of Ti6AL4V into graded lattices with alternative cell size. Optical microscopy has been used to measure the morphological parameters of the cellular microstructure, including cell wall thickness and pore size, and compared them with the nominal values. No sign of fracture or incomplete cell walls was observed, an assessment that shows the satisfactory metallurgical bond of cell walls and the structural integrity of the implants.

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“…To generate the lattice, we select the square and kagome unit cells, as representative of bending and stretching dominated topologies, and we predict their mechanical and fatigue properties. For the material properties of the lattice, we consider Ti6Al4V (Parthasarathy et al, 2010) with mechanical properties:…”

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Fatigue design of a mechanically biocompatible lattice for a proof-of-concept femoral stem

Khanoki

Pasini

2013

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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“…For instance, dense Ti6-Al4-V has a Young's modulus of around 110 GPa, considerably greater than those of the natural bones (that of cortical and trabecular bone ranging from 0.5 GPa to a maximum 20 GPa) (Parthasarathy et al, 2010). The huge mismatch of modulus between an implant and the surrounding bones generally induces uneven stress distribution at the bone-implant interface, leading to bone resorption around metallic implants, increased fracture risks in the weakened bone and loosening of the implants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Ti–6Al–4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting

Yan

Hao

Hussein

et al. 2015

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

545

236

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Young, Ti-6Al-4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm. 2015.06.024 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. C for 4 h, the α' martensite was converted to a mixture of α and β, in which the α phase being the dominant fraction is present as fine laths with the width of 500-800 nm and separated by a small amount of narrow, interphase regions of dark β phase. Also, the microhardness is decreased to 3.71±0.35 GPa due to the coarsening of the microstructure. The 80-95% porosity TPMS lattices exhibit a comparable porosity with trabecular bone, and the modulus is in the range of 0.12-1.25 GPa and thus can be adjusted to the modulus of trabecular bone. At the same range of porosity of 5-10%, the moduli of cortical bone and of the Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices are in a similar range. Therefore, the modulus and porosity of Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices can be tailored to the levels of human bones and thus reduce or avoid "stress shielding"and increase longevity of implants. Due to the biomorphic designs, and high interconnected porosity and stiffness comparable to human bones, SLM-made Ti-6Al-4V TPMS lattices can be a promising material for load bearing bone implants.

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“…Several manufacturing processes of porous titanium are known among which freeze casting (Yook et al, 2009), space holder technique (Niu et al, 2009), rapid prototyping (Li et al, 2006) or laser processing (Parthasarathy et al, 2010;Heinl et al, 2008;Krishna et al, 2007) . Freeze casting and space holder processes mostly lead to randomly distributed pores whereas rapid prototyping and laser processing are adopted when a controlled architecture is required .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, rapid prototyping and laser processing are often reported to generate bulk titanium or porous titanium with simple pore architecture (Parthasarathy et al, 2010 ;Heinl et al, 2008;Krishna et al, 2007 ;Li et al, 2006) . These techniques are generally used in the case of titanium alloys .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and mechanical characterization of porous titanium bone substitutes

Barbas

Bonnet

Lipiński

et al. 2012

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

156

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is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. Commercially Pure Porous Titanium (CPPTi) can be used for surgical implants to avoid the stress shielding effect due to the mismatch between the mechanica l properties of titanium and bone . Most researchers in this area deal with randomly distributed pores or simple architectures in titanium alloys. The control of porosity, pore size and distribution is necessary to obtain implants with mechanical properties close to those of bone and to ensure their osseointegration . The aim of the present work was therefore to develop and characterize such a specific porous structure. First of all, the properties of titanium made by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) were characterized through experimental testing on bulk specimens. An elementary pattern of the porous structure was then designed to mimic the orthotropic properties of the human bone following several mechanical and geometrical criteria . Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to optimize the pattern . A porosity of 53% and pore sizes in the range of 860 to 1500 µm were fi.nally adopted . Tensile tests on porous samples were then carried out to validate the properties obtained numerically and identify the failure modes of the sam_ples. Final!y, FE elasto_plastic ana!yses were yerformed on the porous samples in order to propose a failure criterion for the design of porous substitutes . .

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Mechanical evaluation of porous titanium (Ti6Al4V) structures with electron beam melting (EBM)

Cited by 709 publications

References 32 publications

Fatigue design of a mechanically biocompatible lattice for a proof-of-concept femoral stem

Fatigue design of a mechanically biocompatible lattice for a proof-of-concept femoral stem

Ti–6Al–4V triply periodic minimal surface structures for bone implants fabricated via selective laser melting

Development and mechanical characterization of porous titanium bone substitutes

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