Measuring skin temperature before, during and after exercise: a comparison of thermocouples and infrared thermography

Fernandes, Alex de Andrade; Amorim, Paulo Roberto dos Santos; Brito, Ciro José; Moura, Anselmo Gomes de; Moreira, Danilo Gomes; Costa, Carlos Alberto da; Quintana, Manuel Sillero; Marins, João Carlos Bouzas

doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/2/189

Cited by 110 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…This response occurred similarly in both groups. Others authors (Fernandes et al, 2014;Formenti et al, 2013) studied the thermal response during aerobic exercises and reported that ROIs which were not directly involved in exercise present a decrease in skin temperature. It occurred due to a cutaneous vasoconstriction reflex that redirecting blood flow to the active muscles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of subcutaneous fat in the skin temperature variation rate during exercise

et al. 2015

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Introduction: Thermography records the skin temperature, which can be influenced by: muscle mass and subcutaneous fat layer. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of subcutaneous fat layer in the skin temperature variation rate, during exercise. Methods: This is a short-longitudinal study that involved 17 healthy male trained volunteers. Volunteers were divided in two groups. The first called GP1 with nine volunteers (biceps brachii skinfold thickness < 4 mm) and the second called GP2 with eight volunteers (biceps brachii skinfold thickness from 4 to 8 mm). Both groups performed three sets with 16 repetitions of unilateral biceps brachii bi-set exercise with dominant arm (eight repetitions of biceps curls and another eight of biceps hammer curls, with dumbbells), and with load of 70% of 1RM. The rest time between sets was 90s. Results:The skin temperature variation rate (variation of temperature / time) was 3.59 × 10-3 ± 1.47 × 10-3 °C/s for GP1 and 0.66 × 10-3 ± 4.83 × 10-3 °C/s for GP2 (p = 0.138) considering all moments. For the period after set 1 until the end of set 3, skin temperature variation rate was 5.11 × 10-3 ± 2.57 × 10-3 °C/s for GP1 and 1.88 × 10-3 ± 3.60 × 10-3 °C/s for GP2 (p = 0.048). Subcutaneous fat layer also influences the skin temperature at resting (p = 0.044). Conclusion: Subjects with lower subcutaneous fat layer have a higher skin temperature variation rate during exercise than those with higher subcutaneous fat layer.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of subcutaneous fat in the skin temperature variation rate during exercise

et al. 2015

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“…However, the differences observed in T SKIN from TC were sizeable. Utilising TC in a dynamic, ecologically valid situation is in contrast to the techniques adopted in the majority of previous research with thermal cameras that has shown broadly encouraging results (Merla et al 2010;Ferreira et al 2008;Chudecka & Lubkowska 2012), albeit not unanimously (Fernandes et al 2014). Specifically, tripod mounted cameras have been used to generate thermograms of participants who have spent up to 40 minutes in thermo-neutral conditions.…”

Section: Skin Temperature Validity Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and validity of skin temperature measurement by telemetry thermistors and a thermal camera during exercise in the heat

James

Richardson

Watt

et al. 2014

Journal of Thermal Biology

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Abstract. New technologies afford convenient modalities for skin temperature (T SKIN ) measurement, notably involving wireless telemetry and non-contact infrared thermometry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of skin temperature measurements using a telemetry thermistor system (TT) and thermal camera (TC) during exercise in a hot environment. Each system was compared against a certified thermocouple, measuring the surface temperature of a metal block in a thermostatically controlled waterbath. Fourteen recreational athletes completed two incremental running tests, separated by one week. Skin temperatures were measured simultaneously with TT and TC compared against a hard-wired thermistor system (HW) throughout rest and exercise. Post hoc calibration based on waterbath results displayed good validity for TT (mean bias [MB] = -0.18°C, typical error [TE] = 0.18°C) and reliability (MB = -0.05°C, TE = 0.31°C) throughout rest and exercise. Poor validity (MB = -1.4°C, TE = 0.35°C) and reliability (MB = -0.65°C, TE = 0.52°C) was observed for TC, suggesting it may be best suited to controlled, static situations. These findings indicate TT systems provide a convenient, valid and reliable alternative to HW, useful for measurements in the field where traditional methods may be impractical.

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“…These factors include structural abnormalities of vessels (dilation and incompetence), abnormalities of vascular control, local effects on vessels, changes in thermal conductivity of the tissues, and increased heat production of the tissues, e.g., in inflammatory processes. Technological advances have made MIT a reliable medical measurement tool [25-29] for detecting both changes of skin temperature [32, 36] and their magnitude in inflammatory skin diseases [33, 37-40]. Moreover, it can be employed to objectively detect the therapeutic success of anti-inflammatory treatment [39, 40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Wave Medical Infrared Thermography: A Clinical Biomarker of Inflammation in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa

Zouboulis¹,

Costa²,

Jemec³

et al. 2019

Dermatology

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Background: A more reliable classification of skin inflammation and severity of active disease results from ultrasound sonography and the new hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) classification system IHS4. However, an objective assessment of skin inflammation in a continuous mode is still the ultimate goal. Long-wave medical infrared thermography (MIT) may offer a blood flow and temperature differential assessment in inflammatory conditions. Objective: To evaluate the application of MIT in HS. Methods: Standardized photography of the areas involved or been candidates for HS involvement was performed and MIT pictures were taken simultaneously and superimposed on the photographs of 18 patients (11 female, 7 male, median age 38.75 years [95% confidence interval 28.5 and 51 years], Hurley score I 5.6%, Hurley score II 38.9%, and Hurley score III 55.5%). A modification of the Otsu’s method facilitated the automatic lesion segmentation from the background, depicting the inflammation area. Moreover, MIT was administered in real-time mode during radical HS surgery. Results: A 1°C temperature difference from a corresponding symmetric body region was indicative of inflammation. MIT figures detected a gradual increase of skin temperature from 33.0°C in healthy skin on average to 35.0–36.6°C at the center of inflamma tory lesions in the axilla and to 35.4–36.9°C at the center of inflammation in the groin area. Real-time MIT assessment enabled the definition of the margins and depth of the surgical intervention during the procedure. Conclusion: MIT is a promising tool for the detection of inflammation severity in HS lesions and can be used as a clinical biomarker in evaluation studies of medical and surgical HS treatment.

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Measuring skin temperature before, during and after exercise: a comparison of thermocouples and infrared thermography

Cited by 110 publications

References 50 publications

The influence of subcutaneous fat in the skin temperature variation rate during exercise

The influence of subcutaneous fat in the skin temperature variation rate during exercise

Reliability and validity of skin temperature measurement by telemetry thermistors and a thermal camera during exercise in the heat

Long-Wave Medical Infrared Thermography: A Clinical Biomarker of Inflammation in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa

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