Measuring Poverty in Southern India: A Comparison of Socio-Economic Scales Evaluated against Childhood Stunting

Kattula, Deepthi; Venugopal, Srinivasan; Velusamy, Vasanthakumar; Sarkar, Rajiv; Jiang, Victoria S.; Gowri, S Mahasampath; Henry, Ankita; Deosaran, Jordanna Devi; Muliyil, Jayaprakash; Kang, Gagandeep

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160706

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The numbers of children evaluated are small, place of residence was used as indicator of socioeconomic status without specific classification of each household, and there was no objective assessment of the environment or hygiene behavior of each household. However, we have previously assessed the socioeconomic status and household hygiene levels in Chinnallapuram and have found most families classified as low-middle or low-income status by the modified Kuppuswamy scale, 21 whereas all campus residents are of high socioeconomic status by the same scale. Another potential limitation of this study is that the assessment of fecal biomarkers is confined to only fecal calprotectin and MPO, both of which are only indicative of gut inflammation and not intestinal permeability.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteropathogens and Gut Inflammation in Asymptomatic Infants and Children in Different Environments in Southern India

Praharaj

Revathy

Bandyopadhyay

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract.Children in poor environmental conditions are exposed early and often to enteric pathogens, but within developing countries, heterogeneity in enteropathogen exposure in different settings and communities is rarely addressed. We tested fecal samples from healthy infants and children from two different environments in the same Indian town for gut enteropathogens and biomarkers of gut inflammation. A significantly higher proportion of infants and children from a poor semi-urban neighborhood (93%) had one or more enteropathogens than those from a medical college campus (71.7%). Infants and children from the poor neighborhood had an average of 3.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9–3.7) enteropathogens compared with an average of 1.4 (95% CI: 1.0–1.7) enteropathogens in campus infants/children. Viral and bacterial infections, including enteroviruses, adenoviruses, Campylobacter spp., and diarrhegenic Escherichia coli were more common and fecal biomarkers of inflammation were higher in the poor neighborhood. The findings demonstrate significant difference in the asymptomatic carriage of gut enteropathogens and gut inflammatory biomarkers in infants and children from two different environments within the same town in south India.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enteropathogens and Gut Inflammation in Asymptomatic Infants and Children in Different Environments in Southern India

Praharaj

Revathy

Bandyopadhyay

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“… CAP : Chinnallapuram; KASPA: Kaspa; RNP: Ramnaickanpalayam, VSPM: Vasanthapuram # Row percentage * Socio-economic status was classified as low, middle and high using the modified Kuppusamy scale that included education, occupation and selected assets [19]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…* Socio-economic status was classified as low, middle and high using the modified Kuppusamy scale that included education, occupation and selected assets [19]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do participants drop-out: findings from a prospective pediatric cohort for fever surveillance established at Vellore, southern India

Sindhu

Srinivasan

Subramaniam

et al. 2019

BMC Med Res Methodol

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BackgroundCohort studies are pivotal in understanding the natural history, and to thereby determine the incidence of a disease. The conduct of large-scale community-based cohort studies is challenging with reference to money, manpower and time. Further, attrition inherent to cohort studies can affect the power, and thereby the study’s validity. Our objective was to estimate the percentage of participant withdrawal and to subsequently understand reasons for the same in the Vellore Typhoid Surveillance (VTS) cohort.MethodsVTS study, a prospective community-based pediatric cohort, was established in a semi-urban settlement of Vellore to estimate the incidence rate of typhoid fever. An active weekly surveillance identified children with fever, and blood cultures were performed for fevers of ≥3 days. Reasons for participant drop-out in the cohort were documented. Nine focus group discussions (FGD), each with 5 to 7 parents/primary caregivers of former as well current participants were conducted separately, to understand reasons for consent withdrawal as well as the good aspects of the study that the current participants perceived. A descriptive, as well as an interpretative account of the themes that emerged from the FGDs were done.ResultsOf the 5639 children in the VTS cohort, 404 (7.2%) withdrew consent during the 12-month surveillance. Of these, 50% dropped out due to migration from study area; 18.1% as their parents were unhappy with the blood draws for blood culture; and 14.4% did not clearly put forth the reason for consent withdrawal. Being from an orthodox background, high socio-economic status and joint family were associated with a decision to drop-out. Frequent and voluminous blood draws, male field research assistants (FRA) making weekly home-visits, the perception that inquiring about fever made their child fall sick, and that the study clinic did not initiate antibiotics immediately, were the important themes that emerged from the FGDs conducted among drop-outs.ConclusionOur study showed that specific beliefs and behaviours within the community influenced the drop-out rate of the VTS cohort. Background characteristics and perceptions that exist, along with attrition data from previous cohort studies in the specific community are important to be considered while implementing large-scale cohort studies.

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“…A study by Wang et al reported lower caries prevalence in participants with higher income rate due to more knowledge of caries prevention 5 , whereas Amin et al and Carmichael et al reported no statistically significant association with caries rate. 6 Chandra Shekar B et al reported higher caries prevalence 43.3% in upper economic status than in lower economic status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“Influence of socioeconomic status on caries score among primary school children of Peshawar”.

Sami¹,

Bangash²,

Mustafa³

et al. 2019

TPMJ

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Objectives: Dental caries is among common oral conditions in children and adults. Several studies and preventive measures have been carried out over the world to reduce dental caries rate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between caries score and socioeconomic status among children. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Primary schools of Hayatabad, Peshawar. Period: months (January to June 2019). Material and Methods: 240 children aged from 3 to 5 years old were recruited in our study from government and private schools of Hayatabad, Peshawar. Socioeconomic status of the children’s parents was deduced by visiting government schools having lower fees and private schools having higher fees in Hayatabad, Peshawar. The frequency of dental caries among children was determined by clinical examination followed by decayed, extracted, filled teeth index. Results: In this study, 120 participants from private schools belonged to the upper class while the other 120 subjects from government schools belonged to the lower class. The mean DEFT value was found to be 30% greater in children of private schools. Conclusion: The study determined that the frequency of DEFT was found more in upper economic status as compared to the lower economic status, which shows association of socio-economic status with oral health condition.

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Measuring Poverty in Southern India: A Comparison of Socio-Economic Scales Evaluated against Childhood Stunting

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Enteropathogens and Gut Inflammation in Asymptomatic Infants and Children in Different Environments in Southern India

Enteropathogens and Gut Inflammation in Asymptomatic Infants and Children in Different Environments in Southern India

Why do participants drop-out: findings from a prospective pediatric cohort for fever surveillance established at Vellore, southern India

“Influence of socioeconomic status on caries score among primary school children of Peshawar”.

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