Measuring consciousness in dreams: The lucidity and consciousness in dreams scale

A Survey Focusing on Lucid Dreaming, Metacognition, and Dream Anxiety in Medical Students

“…The LuCiD scale consists of 28 questions, each of which has a 5-point Likert-type response. (5). We excluded four questions related to Positive and Negative Emotions that translated poorly in Turkish.…”

“…Mota Rolim et al (2) reviewed the studies of Hobson et al (3) and Muzur et al (4) and reported that hypofrontality could reduce self-awareness and induce delusional thoughts and deficiencies in rational judgment, both in REM sleep and in episodes of psychosis. Inactivation of frontal and parietal cortical circuits is associated with lack of waking memory, self-awareness, and insight during REM sleep (5).…”

“…In contrast to dreaming, lucid dreaming (LD) is a phenomenon in which dreamers can be aware of dreaming and sleeping, which resembles metacognitive activity during sleep (5,6). Furthermore, non-lucid dreamers are reported to suffer from metacognitive deficits (6).…”

“…Furthermore, non-lucid dreamers are reported to suffer from metacognitive deficits (6). The core criterion of lucidity is the insight of the dreamer into the virtual reality of the dream plot (5). According to Voss et al (6), LD is a hybrid state that has features similar to both REM sleep and wakefulness.…”

“…During LD, higher levels of 40-Hz gamma band were detected in the frontal and fronto-lateral regions than during in non-lucid REM sleep (6). The lucid dreamers usually rate higher than non-lucid dreamers in subdomains of the Lucidity and Consciousness in Dreams Scale (LuCiD) such as insight, control, thought, dissociation, and positive emotion (5). According to the Dream Lucidity Questionnaire, frequent lucid dreamers report greater awareness about the unreality of dream objects and characters and greater awareness of their sleeping physical body (7).…”