Measures of Perfectionism

Flett, Gordon L.; Hewitt, Paul L.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386915-9.00021-8

Cited by 44 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 107 publications

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“…For the GAD group, the mean on PS perfectionism was 27.04 ( SD = 3.98), while the mean on COM was 31.35 ( SD = 6.43). The mean score on PS perfectionism far exceeds the norms reported by Flett and Hewitt (2014a) in their published review of perfectionism measures. Similarly, the mean on COM far exceeds the cutoff of 25 used by Frost and associates (1995) to identify people with exceptionally high levels of COM.…”

Section: Research On Perfectionism and Worrycontrasting

confidence: 45%

Perfectionism, Worry, and Rumination in Health and Mental Health: A Review and a Conceptual Framework for a Cognitive Theory of Perfectionism

Flett

Nepon

Hewitt

2015

Perfectionism, Health, and Well-Being

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This chapter examines the tendency for perfectionists to ruminate, worry, and experience various other forms of overthinking when they feel stressed and distressed because life is less than perfect and they feel less than perfect due to an abiding sense of failure. Our analysis focuses jointly on worry and rumination as comparable forms of cognitive perseveration that can impair the well-being and prolong and exacerbate the stress and emotional distress of obsessive perfectionists. Our chapter is based extensively, though not exclusively, on the seminal work on rumination and brooding by Susan Nolen-Hoeksema and her colleagues (see Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). Indeed, this chapter is dedicated to her memory and her many exceptional contributions. Several years ago, the first author of this chapter had the exceedingly good fortune to attend a compelling keynote address by Dr. Nolen-Hoeksema; it was during the question phase of this keynote address when Dr. Nolen-Hoeksema highlighted the link between perfectionism and rumination in her answer to a challenging question about the likely developmental antecedents of rumination. Her immediate response emphasized perfectionism as a possible antecedent of rumination and the need for further exploration of this association.Research on perfectionism and rumination and associated forms of cognitive perseveration has progressed at a steady rate. This is important because gaining a better understanding of the link between perfectionism and cognitive perseveration and associated cognitive processes is essential to illuminate the complexities inherent in perfectionism. Accordingly, in the current chapter, we summarize and analyze an existing body of research that shows consistent links between perfectionism and rumination. A key theme that emerges from our summary is that both self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP; along with other elements of evaluative concerns perfectionism) are associated consistently with

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Section: Research On Perfectionism and Worrycontrasting

confidence: 45%

Perfectionism, Worry, and Rumination in Health and Mental Health: A Review and a Conceptual Framework for a Cognitive Theory of Perfectionism

Flett

Nepon

Hewitt

2015

Perfectionism, Health, and Well-Being

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“…Flett and Hewitt (2015) point out in their review of perfectionism measures that Cox et al (2002), when developing their MPS short form, did not take into account a possible wording factor: Items that are negatively worded may load on a different factor from items that are positively worded (see De Cuyper, Claes, Hermans, Pieters, & Smits, 2015). Moreover, research has shown that the use of negatively worded items can be problematic because it is unclear if such items capture the intended construct in the same way as COMPARING TWO SHORT FORMS OF THE HEWITT-FLETT MPS 5 positively worded items (DiStefano & Motl, 2006;Sinclair & Tetrick, 2000).…”

Section: Comparing Two Short Forms Of the Hewitt-flett Mpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Two Short Forms of the Hewitt–Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale

Stoeber

2016

Assessment

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“…While this paper is primarily focused on assessment issues, it stands as an example of how assessment and conceptual issues are often inextricably linked. Our particular focus is the APS-R discrepancy subscale, which is a unique, important, and influential subscale in theory and research on perfectionism (for a discussion, see Flett & Hewitt, 2014). Perfectionism is defined within the framework espoused by Slaney and colleagues as having both positive and negative aspects.…”

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confidence: 99%

How Should Discrepancy Be Assessed in Perfectionism Research? A Psychometric Analysis and Proposed Refinement of the Almost Perfect Scale–Revised

Flett

Mara

Hewitt

et al. 2016

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment

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Research on perfectionism with the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R) distinguishes adaptive perfectionists versus maladaptive perfectionists based primarily on their responses to the 12-item unidimensional APS-R discrepancy subscale, which assesses the sense of falling short of standards. People described as adaptive perfectionists have high standards but low levels of discrepancy (i.e., relatively close to attaining these standards). Maladaptive perfectionists have perfectionistic high standards and high levels of discrepancy. In the current work, we re-examine the psychometric properties of the APS-R discrepancy subscale and illustrate that this supposedly unidimensional discrepancy measure may actually consists of more than one factor.Psychometric analyses of data from student and community samples distinguished a pure fiveitem discrepancy factor and a second four-item factor measuring dissatisfaction. The five-item factor is recommended as a brief measure of discrepancy from perfection and the four-item factor is recommended as a measure of dissatisfaction with being imperfect. Overall, our results confirm past suggestions that most people with maladaptive perfectionism are characterized jointly by chronic dissatisfaction as well as a sense of being discrepant due to having fallen short of expectations. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the assessment of perfectionism, as well as the implications for research and practice. Assessing Discrepancy 3 How Should Discrepancy be Assessed in Perfectionism Research? A Psychometric Analysis and Proposed Refinement of the Almost Perfect Scale -RevisedThe current article re-examines the psychometric characteristics of the Almost Perfect Scale -Revised (APS-R; Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001), which is a measure with an ironic name given the likelihood that no measure is perfect. While this paper is primarily focused on assessment issues, it stands as an example of how assessment and conceptual issues are often inextricably linked. Our particular focus is the APS-R discrepancy subscale, which is a unique, important, and influential subscale in theory and research on perfectionism (for a discussion, see Flett & Hewitt, 2014). Perfectionism is defined within the framework espoused by Slaney and colleagues as having both positive and negative aspects. Discrepancy largely accounts for the negative element. According to Slaney et al. (2001), discrepancy is "… the central and defining negative aspect of perfectionism" (p. 133). They defined discrepancy as "the perceived discrepancy or difference between the standards one has for oneself and one's actual performance" (p. 133). In a subsequent chapter, Slaney, Rice, and Ashby (2002) defined discrepancy as "… the perception that one consistently fails to meet the high standards one has set for themselves." When perfectionists judge themselves with discrepancy as their key context, perfectionists are distressed primarily because they tend to fall short of extant standards and ex...

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Measures of Perfectionism

Cited by 44 publications

References 107 publications

Perfectionism, Worry, and Rumination in Health and Mental Health: A Review and a Conceptual Framework for a Cognitive Theory of Perfectionism

Perfectionism, Worry, and Rumination in Health and Mental Health: A Review and a Conceptual Framework for a Cognitive Theory of Perfectionism

Comparing Two Short Forms of the Hewitt–Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale

How Should Discrepancy Be Assessed in Perfectionism Research? A Psychometric Analysis and Proposed Refinement of the Almost Perfect Scale–Revised

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