2004
DOI: 10.1126/science.1089424
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Abstract: Urban air pollution and smoke from fires have been modeled to reduce cloud formation by absorbing sunlight, thereby cooling the surface and heating the atmosphere. Satellite data over the Amazon region during the biomass burning season showed that scattered cumulus cloud cover was reduced from 38%in clean conditions to 0%for heavy smoke (optical depth of 1.3). This response to the smoke radiative effect reverses the regional smoke instantaneous forcing of climate from -28 watts per square meter in cloud-free c… Show more

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Cited by 676 publications
(554 citation statements)
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“…However, this enhancement in PBL development is not that noticeable in magnitude while compared with PBL suppression due to BC at higher altitude. Consistent with several existing observational and numerical studies, absorbing smoke aloft is capable of remarkably changing the energy balance between the surface and the atmosphere in a way that stabilizes the boundary layer and suppresses convection (Koren et al, 2004;Ackerman et al, 2000). As demonstrated in Fig.…”
Section: Impacts Of Altitude and Concentration Of Bc Aerosol Layersupporting
confidence: 63%
“…However, this enhancement in PBL development is not that noticeable in magnitude while compared with PBL suppression due to BC at higher altitude. Consistent with several existing observational and numerical studies, absorbing smoke aloft is capable of remarkably changing the energy balance between the surface and the atmosphere in a way that stabilizes the boundary layer and suppresses convection (Koren et al, 2004;Ackerman et al, 2000). As demonstrated in Fig.…”
Section: Impacts Of Altitude and Concentration Of Bc Aerosol Layersupporting
confidence: 63%
“…At the same time, the smoke can reduce the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface of the Earth (Albrecht et al, 1989;Penner et al, 1992;Wood and Bretherton, 2006). The likely net result of this process is to increase the atmosphere thermodynamic stability (Ackerman et al, 2000;Andreae et al, 2004;Koren et al, 2004;Feingold et al, 2005;Fan et al, 2008). In a more stable atmosphere moist air mass vertical developments near the surface are inhibited, and therefore cloud formation may be reduced (Lynn et al, 2007;Fan et al, 2008).…”
Section: The Effect Of Aerosol On Cloud Formationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The expressive increase of biomass burning aerosol, which acts as cloud condensation nuclei for cloud droplet formation, can reduce the precipitation formation process efficiency (Rosenfeld, 1999;Ramanathan et al, 2001;Khain et al, 2005;Martins et al, 2009). Even for a moist saturated atmosphere, due to the abundant amount of aerosol, size droplets may not grow enough to precipitate in the form of rain (Twomey, 1974;Silva Dias et al, 2002;Koren et al, 2004). As a result of this process clouds may form with reduced droplet sizes, but precipitation in the form of rain might not occur (Miller et al, 2004).…”
Section: The Effect Of Aerosol On Cloud Formationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, clouds affect the solar and longwave radiation budgets in the field. Over land the radiation effects change the surface temperature and therefore can significantly affect heat and moisture fluxes and as a result the cloud properties (Koren et al, 2004(Koren et al, , 2008a.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%