Measurement of steroid hormones in saliva: Effects of sample storage condition

Toone, Rebecca J.; Peacock, Oliver; Smith, Alan A.; Thompson, Dylan; Drawer, Scott; Cook, Christian J.; Stokes, Keith

doi:10.3109/00365513.2013.835862

Cited by 67 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Saliva samples (~1 ml) were collected by passive drool at the start of each session and stored using recommended guidelines [34]. To prevent sample contamination, the participants were instructed to refrain from taking any food or hot drinks before sampling [11].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men

Crewther¹,

Carruthers²,

Kilduff³

et al. 2016

Biol Sport

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To advance our understanding of the hormonal contribution to athletic performance, we examined the temporal associations between individual changes in testosterone (T) and/or cortisol (C) concentrations, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men. Two male cohorts classified as elites (n = 12) and non-elites (n = 12) completed five testing sessions over a six-week period. The athletes were tested for salivary T, C, T/C ratio, self-perceived training motivation, countermovement jump (CMJ) height and isometric mid-thigh pull peak force (IMTP PF), after which an actual training workout was performed. The elite men reported higher motivation to train and they produced greater CMJ height overall, whereas the non-elites had higher pooled T levels (p < 0.05). No significant group differences in C concentrations, T/C ratio or IMTP PF were found. The individual changes in T levels were positively associated with training motivation in the elite men only (p = 0.033), but the hormonal and motivation measures did not predict CMJ height or IMTP PF in either group. The monitoring of elite and non-elite men across a short training block revealed differences in T levels, motivation and lower-body power, which may reflect training and competitive factors in each group. Despite having lower T levels, the elite athletes showed better linkage between pre-training T fluctuations and subsequent motivation to train. The nature of the performance tests (i.e. single repetition trials) could partly explain the lack of an association with the hormonal and motivational measures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men

Crewther¹,

Carruthers²,

Kilduff³

et al. 2016

Biol Sport

Self Cite

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“…However, the samples must be analyzed promptly due to bacterial growth and degradation of salivary components (Francis et al, 2000;Hansen et al, 2008;Rohleder and Nater, 2009;Toone et al, 2013). Another alternative is to improve stability of samples by addition of EDTA or sodium azide (DeCaro, 2008;Fox et al, 1986), but influence the FT-IR spectra.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of saliva by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for diagnosis of physiological stress in athletes

2015

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Introduction: Saliva is the most promising biofluid to monitor the physiological state of athletes, because this method is not invasive and has low contamination risks. The characterization of saliva by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has been studied as an alternative technique to the standard clinical analysis. However, methodological procedures for saliva analysis are not completely clear, especially in terms of influence of storage conditions and sample preparations for infrared analysis. Thawed saliva includes a precipitate, which may influence the infrared spectral analysis. Thus, the purpose of this study was to show the spectral differences of the precipitate, supernatant, and a combo, as well as the best way to classify the physiological state of the athletes by FT-IR. Methods: The saliva collection was performed before, immediately after, and two hours after a handball match. After the storage of samples at -20 ○ C, it was possible to identify two phases (precipitate and supernatant) and to determine the biochemical differences between the spectra of each phase, which were distinctly analyzed by the second derivative and deconvolution bands. Results: The precipitate and supernatant results showed characteristic bands, especially in the protein regions. All FT-IR spectra were also statistically classified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA), using principal component analysis (PCA). The LDA precipitate and supernatant had lower value when compared to combo spectra (Combination of precipitate and supernatant) with 82%, showing that this combination is the best way to discriminate spectra of saliva samples collected before, immediately after, and 2 h after physical effort. Discussion: The results showed that it is possible to differentiate biochemically the two salivary phases, as well as the importance of the homogenization process of saliva samples to classify the physiological status of athletes using FT-IR.

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“…There should be reduced emotional changes compared to collecting blood samples and thus possibly increased accuracy of results [121]. Saliva samples have proved appropriate in the past for determining levels of several neuroactive and related steroids [72,[122][123][124][125][126].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroactive Steroids and Related Steroids in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Zheng¹,

Wang²,

Li³

et al. 2018

Neuropsychiatry

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Neuroactive steroids (rapidly acting steroids that act as allosteric modulators of neurotransmitter receptors such as the ɣ-aminobutyric acid A (GABA A ) receptor and the NMDA glutamate receptor) are involved in brain development and have been proposed to be important in the etiology and/or pharmacotherapy of a number of psychiatric and neurologic disorders, but there is limited information available on their association with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This paper reviews the possible involvement of neuroactive steroids (NASs) and some related steroids, including testosterone, androstenedione and estradiol steroids in the etiology of ASD. NASs include progesterone, pregnanolone, pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, allopregnanolone, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEAS). Studies on the levels of NASs and related steroids in blood, urine, saliva, and amniotic fluid in ASD are also reviewed. The results on plasma levels of NASs in ASD reported in the literature are generally inconclusive, probably because of differences among studies in terms of experimental design and factors such as age, gender, number of subjects, and medication being taken and differences in time of day at which samples are taken and storage conditions of samples. Future studies on levels of NASs in ASD should include careful consideration of the factors mentioned above, the possible advantages of saliva sampling and the use of assay procedures that provide simultaneous analysis of levels of a large number of these steroids.

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Measurement of steroid hormones in saliva: Effects of sample storage condition

Cited by 67 publications

References 27 publications

Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men

Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men

Analysis of saliva by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for diagnosis of physiological stress in athletes

Neuroactive Steroids and Related Steroids in Autism Spectrum Disorders

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