Matrix Metalloproteinases in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death, accounting for 600,000 deaths each year in the U.S. In addition, heart failure accounts for 37% of healthcare spending. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) increase after myocardial infarction (MI) and correlate with left ventricular dysfunction in heart failure patients. MMPs regulate the remodeling process by facilitating extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover and inflammatory signaling. Due to the critical role MMPs play during cardiac remodeling, there is a need to better understand the pathophysiological mechanism of MMPs, including the biological function of the downstream products of MMP proteolysis. Future studies developing new therapeutic targets that inhibit specific MMP actions to limit the development of heart failure post-MI are warranted. This book chapter focuses on the role of MMPs post-MI, the efficiency of MMPs as biomarkers for MI or heart failure, and the future of MMPs and their cleavage products as targets for prevention of post-MI heart failure.

Chemical Constituents from Leaves of <i>Hydrangea serrata</i> and Their Anti-photoaging Effects on UVB-Irradiated Human Fibroblasts

“…MMP-1 is a major protein-degrading enzyme in human skin that can fragment native fibrillar collagens, predominantly type I and III collagens. 18) The fragments then become unfolded and degraded by MMP-2, -9, and -3. 19) Therefore, MMPs are key coordinators for the formation of wrinkles in the photoaging process.…”

“…MMP-3 not only degrades ECM components, but also activates pro MMP-1. 18,19) Based on the significant inhibitory effect of hydrangenol on UVB-induced MMP-1 production, we examined effects of hydrangenol at different concentrations (1.5, 3, or 6 µM) on MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA expression in UVB-irradiated Hs68 fibroblasts. Hydrangenol concentration-dependently reduced UVB-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNA expression ( Fig.…”

Stimuli‐Responsive Delivery of Growth Factors for Tissue Engineering

“…The context of tissue ischemia, for example, leads to hypoxia and ROS generation, accompanied by lactic acid accumulation and increase in protease levels. [ 21,47,127 ] Additionally, some researchers make use of the biodegradability of hydrogels such as alginate, chitosan, PEG and fibrin for optimal release kinetics in physical conditions. [ 128,129 ] Below is a detailed summary of several types of stimuli‐responsive GF delivery strategies for the treatment of muscular disease.…”

LXR/RXR signaling and neutrophil phenotype following myocardial infarction classify sex differences in remodeling

“…Following MI, the left ventricle (LV) undergoes a wound healing response that involves necrotic tissue removal and deposition of a replacement scar composed of extracellular matrix proteins. Immune cells polarize to a pro-inflammatory state and release enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that catalyze necrotic tissue removal [16, 18, 48]. Infiltrating leukocytes also secrete cytokines and growth factors such as pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)1β and reparative transforming growth factor β [18, 81].…”