Matrix assisted low temperature growth of graphene

Room-temperature graphitization in a solid-phase reaction

“…1,2 But growing graphene at low temperatures is a challenge. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] For the well-known chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth method, for instance, approaches using novel carbon sources, such as benzene, and using plasma enhancement have been proposed. 2,5,10 For the case of the well-known catalyst Ni, the CVD temperature was reduced to 500 C under ultra-high-vacuum conditions by tuning the growth parameters for the C 2 H 4 carbon source.…”

Low-temperature synthesis of sp2 carbon nanomaterials

“…Many polymers with giant carbon chain skeleton are expected to prepare graphene at low temperatures, such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) [51][52][53]. Compared with hydrocarbon, the decomposition temperature of polymers is much lower (200-300°C), which may lower the temperature in the first step of the precursor decomposition in the synthesis process of sp 2 carbon nanomaterials [54].…”

“…PS was also used to prepare monolayer and few layers of graphene via coating on the bulk stainless steel sheets and alloy nanofibers at the temperature below 400°C, significantly improving the resistance to corrosion [52]. Except for directly acting as the carbon source, PMMA was reported to be used as a matrix host to introduce additional carbon sources to improve the quality of graphene [53]. High-quality monolayer graphene was obtained by using chlorobenzene as the carbon source at low temperatures of 180°C.…”

Graphene formation at 150 °C using indium as catalyst

“…For example, Marchena et al have achieved direct graphene growth on exible glass at 700 C. 12 Sulaiman et al and Jang et al demonstrated CVD graphene growth on Cu at 450 and 300 C by using chlorobenzene and benzene, respectively, as a carbon source. 13,14 The ion bombardment of solid surfaces is well-known to entail the formation of nano structures even at room temperature, such as ripples, pyramid, conical protrusions (cones) and whiskers. [15][16][17] So, the ion irradiation has a great potential for the room temperature fabrication of nanostructured materials.…”