Maternal nutritional risk factors for small for gestational age babies in a developed country: a case-control study

Abstract

Aims: To assess the effect of maternal diet during pregnancy on the risk of delivering a baby who is small for gestational age (SGA). Methods: Case-control study of 844 cases (SGA) and 870 controls (appropriate size for gestational age (AGA)). Only term (37+ completed weeks of gestation) infants were included. Retrospective food frequency questionnaires were completed at birth on the diet at the time of conception and in the last month of pregnancy. Results: At the time of conception, mothers of AGA infants ate significantly more servings of carbohydrate rich food and fruit, and were more likely to have taken folate and vitamin supplements than mothers of SGA infants. There was some evidence that mothers of AGA infants also ate more servings of dairy products, meat, and fish (0.05 , p , 0.1). However, after adjustment for maternal ethnicity, smoking, height, weight, hypertension, and occupation, fish intake (p = 0.04), carbohydrate-rich foods (p = 0.04), and folate supplementation (p = 0.02) were associated with a reduced risk of SGA. In the last month of pregnancy, only iron supplementation was associated with a reduced risk of SGA (p = 0.05) after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions: This study suggests that small variations in maternal diets within the normal range during pregnancy in developed countries are associated with differences in birth weight.

A health facility based case-control study on determinants of low birth weight in Dassie town, Northeast Ethiopia: the role of nutritional factors

“…This finding is in agreement with a study done in Bangladesh that showed intake of iron and folate supplements during pregnancy was found to have a protective effect against LBW [ 39 ]. These findings were also consistent with studies done in rural Ethiopia [ 35 ], Pakistan [ 40 ] and a study from developed country [ 41 ]. Iron supplementation during pregnancy protects women from becoming anemic and subsequent increased risk of giving LBW babies, because the required amounts may not be supplied from dietary intake alone during this period [ 40 ].…”

A health facility based case-control study on determinants of low birth weight in Dassie town, Northeast Ethiopia: the role of nutritional factors

“…This finding is in agreement with a study done in Bangladesh that showed intake of iron and folate supplements during pregnancy was found to have a protective effect against LBW [ 39 ]. These findings were also consistent with studies done in rural Ethiopia [ 35 ], Pakistan [ 40 ] and a study from developed country [ 41 ]. Iron supplementation during pregnancy protects women from becoming anemic and subsequent increased risk of giving LBW babies, because the required amounts may not be supplied from dietary intake alone during this period [ 40 ].…”

The association between maternal fruit consumption before and during pregnancy and fetal growth: The Lanzhou birth cohort study

“…In our study, we failed to find any significant association between fruit consumption and SGA, which is consistent with the studies by Mitchell et al [ 21 ], Ramon et al [ 20 ], McCowan et al [ 22 ], and Ricci et al [ 23 ], but in contrast with the findings of Martínez-Galiano et al [ 11 , 17 ], Rao et al [ 24 ], and McCowan et al [ 22 ]. However, stratified analysis by pre-pregnancy BMI showed that inadequate fruit consumption in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of SGA births among pregnant women with underweight BMI.…”

Determinants of Low Birth Weight Among Women Who Gave Birth at Public Health Facilities in North Shewa Zone: Unmatched Case-Control Study

“…The present study revealed that mothers who did not take iron-folate supplementation during their recent pregnancy had higher odds of giving LBW babies than mothers who received iron-folate supplementation. It is in line with a study conducted in Dassie town, 18 Kambata, 16 Amhara, Ethiopia, 17 Rural Ethiopia, 21 Gahana, 22 Auckland, New Zealand, 23 and Bangladesh 24 that showed unable to take iron-folate during pregnancy associated positively with LBW. This might be due to intake of iron helps women not to develop anemia and risk of delivering LBW babies since the required amount of iron cannot be obtained from nutrients alone during pregnancy.…”

A health facility based case-control study on determinants of low birth weight in Dassie town, Northeast Ethiopia: the role of nutritional factors

“…This finding is in agreement with a study done in Bangladesh that showed intake of iron and folate supplements during pregnancy was found to have a protective effect against LBW [ 39 ]. These findings were also consistent with studies done in rural Ethiopia [ 35 ], Pakistan [ 40 ] and a study from developed country [ 41 ]. Iron supplementation during pregnancy protects women from becoming anemic and subsequent increased risk of giving LBW babies, because the required amounts may not be supplied from dietary intake alone during this period [ 40 ].…”

The association between maternal fruit consumption before and during pregnancy and fetal growth: The Lanzhou birth cohort study

“…In our study, we failed to find any significant association between fruit consumption and SGA, which is consistent with the studies by Mitchell et al [ 21 ], Ramon et al [ 20 ], McCowan et al [ 22 ], and Ricci et al [ 23 ], but in contrast with the findings of Martínez-Galiano et al [ 11 , 17 ], Rao et al [ 24 ], and McCowan et al [ 22 ]. However, stratified analysis by pre-pregnancy BMI showed that inadequate fruit consumption in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of SGA births among pregnant women with underweight BMI.…”

Determinants of Low Birth Weight Among Women Who Gave Birth at Public Health Facilities in North Shewa Zone: Unmatched Case-Control Study

“…The present study revealed that mothers who did not take iron-folate supplementation during their recent pregnancy had higher odds of giving LBW babies than mothers who received iron-folate supplementation. It is in line with a study conducted in Dassie town, 18 Kambata, 16 Amhara, Ethiopia, 17 Rural Ethiopia, 21 Gahana, 22 Auckland, New Zealand, 23 and Bangladesh 24 that showed unable to take iron-folate during pregnancy associated positively with LBW. This might be due to intake of iron helps women not to develop anemia and risk of delivering LBW babies since the required amount of iron cannot be obtained from nutrients alone during pregnancy.…”

A health facility based case-control study on determinants of low birth weight in Dassie town, Northeast Ethiopia: the role of nutritional factors

“…This finding is in agreement with a study done in Bangladesh that showed intake of iron and folate supplements during pregnancy was found to have a protective effect against LBW [ 39 ]. These findings were also consistent with studies done in rural Ethiopia [ 35 ], Pakistan [ 40 ] and a study from developed country [ 41 ]. Iron supplementation during pregnancy protects women from becoming anemic and subsequent increased risk of giving LBW babies, because the required amounts may not be supplied from dietary intake alone during this period [ 40 ].…”

The association between maternal fruit consumption before and during pregnancy and fetal growth: The Lanzhou birth cohort study

“…In our study, we failed to find any significant association between fruit consumption and SGA, which is consistent with the studies by Mitchell et al [ 21 ], Ramon et al [ 20 ], McCowan et al [ 22 ], and Ricci et al [ 23 ], but in contrast with the findings of Martínez-Galiano et al [ 11 , 17 ], Rao et al [ 24 ], and McCowan et al [ 22 ]. However, stratified analysis by pre-pregnancy BMI showed that inadequate fruit consumption in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of SGA births among pregnant women with underweight BMI.…”

Determinants of Low Birth Weight Among Women Who Gave Birth at Public Health Facilities in North Shewa Zone: Unmatched Case-Control Study

“…The present study revealed that mothers who did not take iron-folate supplementation during their recent pregnancy had higher odds of giving LBW babies than mothers who received iron-folate supplementation. It is in line with a study conducted in Dassie town, 18 Kambata, 16 Amhara, Ethiopia, 17 Rural Ethiopia, 21 Gahana, 22 Auckland, New Zealand, 23 and Bangladesh 24 that showed unable to take iron-folate during pregnancy associated positively with LBW. This might be due to intake of iron helps women not to develop anemia and risk of delivering LBW babies since the required amount of iron cannot be obtained from nutrients alone during pregnancy.…”