Maternal Behavior among the Nonprimate Mammals

Rosenblatt, Jay S.; Mayer, Anne D.; Siegel, Harold I.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-4832-0_7

Cited by 56 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…Based on Spear's definition of adolescence in humans which spans ages 12-18 [61], we consider late childhood as the ages immediately preceding this age range, approximately 9-12 years. During the preweanling period, young rats are increasingly able to maintain physiological processes such as thermoregulation and elimination and even forage for food and water [5,54]. They have full use of all major senses, a remarkable adult-like capacity for locomotor activity, and high levels of response to specific stimuli in their environment [58,59].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They have full use of all major senses, a remarkable adult-like capacity for locomotor activity, and high levels of response to specific stimuli in their environment [58,59]. This is a period just before weaning (days [18][19][20][21][22], when they still require some nursing and protection by their mother but are first allowed out of an otherwise mother-controlled nest area [5,26,27,45,54].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavioral responses during the initial exposures to a low dose of cocaine in late preweanling and adult rats

Smith

Morrell

2008

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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Human drug experimentation begins during late childhood and early adolescence, a critical time in physical and CNS development, when the immature CNS is vulnerable to the long-term effects of psychoactive drugs. Few preclinical animal studies have investigated responses to such drugs in a developmental stage equivalent to late childhood of humans. We used a rodent model to examine behavioral responses of female Sprague-Dawley late preweanling and adult rats during acute and repeated exposures to a low dose of cocaine. Results show that after cocaine injection, preweanling rats (18-21 days old) have locomotor responses that differ from adults, but after postnatal day 22, the responses are indistinguishable from adults even though rats are still not weaned. Before day 22, locomotor effects of cocaine differ from those in adults in three ways: preweanlings are active for a longer time after cocaine injection at day 18; preweanling activity peaks more rapidly after subcutaneous administration; and after only three injections of cocaine, a tolerance-like pattern is seen in preweanlings whereas an emerging pattern of sensitization to cocaine is seen in adults. The behavioral patterns of this age group offer a preclinical model of the early effects of drugs of abuse.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral responses during the initial exposures to a low dose of cocaine in late preweanling and adult rats

Smith

Morrell

2008

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

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“…Recently, a dynamic regulation of the number, density and neuroanatomical distribution of estrogen-binding neurons was demonstrated in the brains of adult virgin, pregnant, and lactating female mice using an immunocytochemical staining tech nique [1], It is conceivable that this plasticity of the 'estrogenergic system' in the course of pregnancy and lactation has both physiological and behavioral implications, since estrogen is known to play an important role for the onset of maternal be havior during the transition period between parturition and lac tation [2], A change in the pattern of estrogen target cells in the brain would alter the hormonal sensitivity of the animal, but it is unclear by which mechanism this change is induced. According to Blaustein and Olster [3] environmental stimuli might increase the concentration of estrogen receptors (ERs) in certain areas of the brain via a catecholaminergic regulation mechanism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Treatment with Estradiol and Parental Experience on the Number and Distribution of Estrogen-Binding Neurons in the Ovariectomized Mouse Brain

Koch

1990

Neuroendocrinology

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The effects of a treatment with estradiol benzoate alone (EB, for 2 weeks) and combined with parental experience (for 5 days) on the number and regional distribution of estrogen receptor-containing cells (ER⁺ cells) in the brain of ovariectomized mice were studied using an immunocytochemical staining technique. Treatment with EB alone significantly reduces the average density of ER⁺ cells (labeled cells/mm³) in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) and in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA). Parental experience of EB-treated females (achieved by co-caring for 12 pups together with the mother for 5 days), however, leads to a significant increase in the absolute number and relative density of ER⁺ cells in the VMH. Moreover, ER⁺ cells are found in the entorhinal and piriform cortex in experienced females only. Generally, a trend of decrease in both the number and density of labeled cells is observed after EB treatment in all regions of the brain where immunostaining is observed in oveariectomized mice (amygdaloid and hypothalamic nuclei, preoptic area), whereas an increase in the above quantitative variables is found in experienced females. The hypothesis is put forward that olfactory cues from the young, experienced during the co-caring period promote the increase in ER⁺ cells in the above brain regions, which all receive input from the olfactory and/or vomeronasal systems.

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“…(14) Thus, newborn infants, as well as rat pups, are the only factor responsible for the maternal behavior during the nonhormonal phase that begins shortly after parturition in the rat. (11) Nonhormonal parental behaviors appear in humans during adoption, and high degrees of alloparental behavior (parental care that is provided by individuals who are not the biological parents of an infant) occur when mothers are being helped to care for their infants. In the laboratory, continuous exposure to young pups can induce and stimulate maternal behavior in nongestating adult female and male rats, indicating the existence of a nonhormonal route through which infant stimuli can gain access to the maternal circuitry.…”

Section: Maternal Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternology

Díaz-Rossello¹,

Ferreira-Castro

2008

NeoReviews

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Neonates are potent incentive stimuli who regulate the mother's ability and motivation to engage in costly care-taking activities during a most vulnerable period of their early life. Laboratory animal studies as well as functional neuroimaging in human mothers have shown that the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus and its projections to the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system regulate the motivational aspects of maternal behavior. Peripartum hormonal changes acting in these brain areas enhance the reinforcing value of the newborns and promote in the mother the highly motivated behavior observed immediately after parturition. A better understanding of the neural mechanisms that regulate the motivational aspects of maternal behavior can help to increase awareness of the importance of the early maternal/parental-infant interaction as well as to identify possible biological factors that underlie anomalies in human maternal behavior.

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Maternal Behavior among the Nonprimate Mammals

Cited by 56 publications

References 155 publications

Behavioral responses during the initial exposures to a low dose of cocaine in late preweanling and adult rats

Behavioral responses during the initial exposures to a low dose of cocaine in late preweanling and adult rats

Effects of Treatment with Estradiol and Parental Experience on the Number and Distribution of Estrogen-Binding Neurons in the Ovariectomized Mouse Brain

Maternology

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