Maternal and non-maternal time-allocation to infant care, and care during infant illness in rural Java, Indonesia

The nature of mothers' work and children's schooling in Nepal: The influence of income and time effects

“…These difficulties arise from transportation problems in difficult terrain and clearly illustrate that compatibility with childcare can be heavily dependent on context and is not as unambiguous as these distinctions make them out to be. Similar results have also been noted for traditional family agriculture in general in Doan and Popkin (1993) and Gryboski (1996). Certainly, a detailed analysis considering different occupations or at least using a diverse group of categories that better capture work-family challenges for parents and the full complexity of women's work would be ideal for clarifying the nuances of this question.…”

The nature of mothers' work and children's schooling in Nepal: The influence of income and time effects

“…These difficulties arise from transportation problems in difficult terrain and clearly illustrate that compatibility with childcare can be heavily dependent on context and is not as unambiguous as these distinctions make them out to be. Similar results have also been noted for traditional family agriculture in general in Doan and Popkin (1993) and Gryboski (1996). Certainly, a detailed analysis considering different occupations or at least using a diverse group of categories that better capture work-family challenges for parents and the full complexity of women's work would be ideal for clarifying the nuances of this question.…”

A neglected family resource for saving newborn lives - grandmothers

“…In Ghana, Bazzano and colleagues concluded that "Older women and grandmothers are often the ones who decide that a child is in need of treatment and often also determine the type of treatment due to their authority within the household and the community". [38,p.125] Similar findings on grandmothers' central role in caring for sick newborns are from Mali, [53] Indonesia, [63] Malawi, [78] India. [57,59,79] From Nepal, Lama and colleagues found that decision-making around newborn illness is a collective process mainly involving female family members, with husbands playing a limited role.…”

“…In studies reviewed from numerous cultural contexts, a similar pattern emerges: newborn care is a culturally-designated and gendered role coordinated by older women; younger women are learners; and men are rarely directly involved, while providing logistical and financial support when needed. This pattern is reported across the Global South, for example, in Niger, [42] Benin, [17] Uganda, [56] Burkina Faso, [46] Indonesia, [63] Mexico, (Ramos, 2014) Brazil, [32] and India [58]. In collectivist cultures in all three continents, mothers are embedded in family systems organized hierarchically by age and experience and they are expected to defer to the advice of senior women.…”

Millennium Development Goal Four and Child Health Inequities in Indonesia: A Systematic Review of the Literature

“…In Indonesia, women are considered the primary caregiver to the child. Still, around 60% of mothers in Central Java are involved in income generating work [ 72 ]. Maternal employment outside the house can be protective for child health since it raises the household income and the general welfare of the family.…”

“…However, several studies have reported that having a working mother was also positively related to higher prevalence of stunting and anemia [ 70 ] or that children of mothers who had informal work were at higher risk for malnutrition [ 59 ]. Toyama et al and Gryboski et al claimed that in order to improve child health and welfare, policies should specifically target families with a working mother—the so called “poverty avoider” group, and non-maternal caregivers [ 59 , 72 ]. Roshita et al pointed out the need for further research on how to support Indonesian mothers across a range of socioeconomic and income strata with increased options for quality child-care arrangements and child feeding practices especially through the dissemination of information on both underweight and overweight [ 73 , 74 ].…”

The nature of mothers' work and children's schooling in Nepal: The influence of income and time effects

“…These difficulties arise from transportation problems in difficult terrain and clearly illustrate that compatibility with childcare can be heavily dependent on context and is not as unambiguous as these distinctions make them out to be. Similar results have also been noted for traditional family agriculture in general in Doan and Popkin (1993) and Gryboski (1996). Certainly, a detailed analysis considering different occupations or at least using a diverse group of categories that better capture work-family challenges for parents and the full complexity of women's work would be ideal for clarifying the nuances of this question.…”

A neglected family resource for saving newborn lives - grandmothers

“…In Ghana, Bazzano and colleagues concluded that "Older women and grandmothers are often the ones who decide that a child is in need of treatment and often also determine the type of treatment due to their authority within the household and the community". [38,p.125] Similar findings on grandmothers' central role in caring for sick newborns are from Mali, [53] Indonesia, [63] Malawi, [78] India. [57,59,79] From Nepal, Lama and colleagues found that decision-making around newborn illness is a collective process mainly involving female family members, with husbands playing a limited role.…”

“…In studies reviewed from numerous cultural contexts, a similar pattern emerges: newborn care is a culturally-designated and gendered role coordinated by older women; younger women are learners; and men are rarely directly involved, while providing logistical and financial support when needed. This pattern is reported across the Global South, for example, in Niger, [42] Benin, [17] Uganda, [56] Burkina Faso, [46] Indonesia, [63] Mexico, (Ramos, 2014) Brazil, [32] and India [58]. In collectivist cultures in all three continents, mothers are embedded in family systems organized hierarchically by age and experience and they are expected to defer to the advice of senior women.…”

Millennium Development Goal Four and Child Health Inequities in Indonesia: A Systematic Review of the Literature

“…In Indonesia, women are considered the primary caregiver to the child. Still, around 60% of mothers in Central Java are involved in income generating work [ 72 ]. Maternal employment outside the house can be protective for child health since it raises the household income and the general welfare of the family.…”

“…However, several studies have reported that having a working mother was also positively related to higher prevalence of stunting and anemia [ 70 ] or that children of mothers who had informal work were at higher risk for malnutrition [ 59 ]. Toyama et al and Gryboski et al claimed that in order to improve child health and welfare, policies should specifically target families with a working mother—the so called “poverty avoider” group, and non-maternal caregivers [ 59 , 72 ]. Roshita et al pointed out the need for further research on how to support Indonesian mothers across a range of socioeconomic and income strata with increased options for quality child-care arrangements and child feeding practices especially through the dissemination of information on both underweight and overweight [ 73 , 74 ].…”

The nature of mothers' work and children's schooling in Nepal: The influence of income and time effects

“…These difficulties arise from transportation problems in difficult terrain and clearly illustrate that compatibility with childcare can be heavily dependent on context and is not as unambiguous as these distinctions make them out to be. Similar results have also been noted for traditional family agriculture in general in Doan and Popkin (1993) and Gryboski (1996). Certainly, a detailed analysis considering different occupations or at least using a diverse group of categories that better capture work-family challenges for parents and the full complexity of women's work would be ideal for clarifying the nuances of this question.…”

A neglected family resource for saving newborn lives - grandmothers

“…In Ghana, Bazzano and colleagues concluded that "Older women and grandmothers are often the ones who decide that a child is in need of treatment and often also determine the type of treatment due to their authority within the household and the community". [38,p.125] Similar findings on grandmothers' central role in caring for sick newborns are from Mali, [53] Indonesia, [63] Malawi, [78] India. [57,59,79] From Nepal, Lama and colleagues found that decision-making around newborn illness is a collective process mainly involving female family members, with husbands playing a limited role.…”

“…In studies reviewed from numerous cultural contexts, a similar pattern emerges: newborn care is a culturally-designated and gendered role coordinated by older women; younger women are learners; and men are rarely directly involved, while providing logistical and financial support when needed. This pattern is reported across the Global South, for example, in Niger, [42] Benin, [17] Uganda, [56] Burkina Faso, [46] Indonesia, [63] Mexico, (Ramos, 2014) Brazil, [32] and India [58]. In collectivist cultures in all three continents, mothers are embedded in family systems organized hierarchically by age and experience and they are expected to defer to the advice of senior women.…”

Millennium Development Goal Four and Child Health Inequities in Indonesia: A Systematic Review of the Literature

“…In Indonesia, women are considered the primary caregiver to the child. Still, around 60% of mothers in Central Java are involved in income generating work [ 72 ]. Maternal employment outside the house can be protective for child health since it raises the household income and the general welfare of the family.…”

“…However, several studies have reported that having a working mother was also positively related to higher prevalence of stunting and anemia [ 70 ] or that children of mothers who had informal work were at higher risk for malnutrition [ 59 ]. Toyama et al and Gryboski et al claimed that in order to improve child health and welfare, policies should specifically target families with a working mother—the so called “poverty avoider” group, and non-maternal caregivers [ 59 , 72 ]. Roshita et al pointed out the need for further research on how to support Indonesian mothers across a range of socioeconomic and income strata with increased options for quality child-care arrangements and child feeding practices especially through the dissemination of information on both underweight and overweight [ 73 , 74 ].…”