Masculinities and violence: using latent class analysis to investigate the origins and correlates of differences between men in the cross-sectional UN Multi-country Study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific

Jewkes, Rachel; Jordaan, Esmè; Myrttinen, Henri; Gibbs, Andrew

doi:10.7189/jogh.10.020439

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It was anticipated that partner characteristics would be key drivers of the SIPV risk of SWs and partner controlling behaviour a key indicator. Previous research among men who have been clients of SWs confirms that they have notably violent and controlling behaviour ( Jewkes et al., 2012a , 2012b ), as well as being clients of SWs, being associated with a propensity for physical violence and rape peretration ( Jewkes & Morrell, 2017 ; Jewkes, Jordaan, Myrttinen, & Gibbs, 2020 ). This points for the need for interventions with men to protect FSWs and other women from violence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sexual IPV and non-partner rape of female sex workers: Findings of a cross-sectional community-centric national study in South Africa

Jewkes

Otwombe

Dunkle

et al. 2021

SSM - Mental Health

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Background Globally female sex workers (FSWs) are vulnerable to violence from intimate partners, police and clients due to stigma and criminalisation. In this paper we describe South African FSWs' exposure to violence and factors associated with having been raped in the past year. Methods We conducted a multi-stage, community-centric, cross-sectional survey of 3005 FSWs linked to sex worker programmes in 12 sites across all nine provinces that had a SW programme. Adult women who sold sex in the preceding six months were recruited for interviews via sex worker networks. Survey tools were developed in consultation with peer educators and FSWs. Results In the past year, 70.4% of FSWs experienced physical violence and 57.9% were raped: by policemen (14.0%), clients (48.3%), other men (30.2%) and/or and intimate partner (31.9%). Sexual IPV was associated with food insecurity, entering sex work as a child, childhood trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drinking alcohol to cope with sex work, working more days, partner controlling behaviour, having an ex-client partner, and having no current partner to protect from ex-partners. Rape by a client, other men or policemen was associated with food insecurity, childhood trauma, PTSD, depression, using alcohol and drugs, being homeless or staying in a sex work venue, selling sex on the streets, working more days and having entered sex work as a child and been in sex work for longer. Conclusion South African FSWs are very vulnerable to rape. Within the social climate of gender inequality, sex work stigma, criminalisation, and repeated victimisation, the key drivers are structural factors, childhood and other trauma exposure, mental ill-health, circumstances of sex work and, for SIPV, partner characteristics. Mostly these are amenable to intervention, with legislative change being foundational for ending abuse by policemen, enhancing safety of indoor venues and providing greater economic options for women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Sexual IPV and non-partner rape of female sex workers: Findings of a cross-sectional community-centric national study in South Africa

Jewkes

Otwombe

Dunkle

et al. 2021

SSM - Mental Health

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“…Working through women’s trauma is not only an optional add-on to IPV prevention interventions, but an integral resource for reducing women’s risk of IPV. Attention to men’s trauma is also important for IPV reduction interventions, particularly given the evidence that the men who commit non-partner rape are often the same as those who perpetuate IPV, and that this is often associated with their own experiences of child abuse and neglect 59. However, it is important to remember that attention to poor mental health as an IPV prevention strategy also needs to be considered alongside the urgent need for structural interventions that address the contexts of violence and poverty as a key driver of a multiple intersecting forms of violence in this context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does experiencing a traumatic life event increase the risk of intimate partner violence for young women? A cross-sectional analysis and structural equation model of data from theStepping Stones and Creating Futuresintervention in South Africa

Mannell¹,

Minckas²,

Burgess³

et al. 2022

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo investigate associations and potential pathways between women’s lifetime exposure to traumatic events and their recent experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV).SettingSouth African informal settlements near Durban.Participants677 women, living in informal settlements, aged 18–30 years, currently out of school or formal employment.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSelf-reported experiences of IPV in the past 12 months and exposure to traumatic neighbourhood events (including witnessing murder, being robbed or kidnapped, witnessing and experiencing rape).ResultsExposure to traumatic events was common among the 677 women surveyed. Over 70% had experienced at least one in their lifetime; one quarter (24%) had experienced 3 or more different events. Women exposed to any traumatic event had a 43% increase in the odds of experiencing IPV in comparison to those with no exposure (aOR 1.43, p≤0.000). Exposure to non-partner rape is more strongly associated with IPV than any other traumatic experience. Pathways from exposure to traumatic events and non-partner rape to recent IPV experience are mediated by a latent variable of poor mental health. Food insecurity is associated with all forms of traumatic experience, and is also indirectly associated with IPV through views by women that are unsupportive of gender equality.ConclusionsWomen living in South African informal settlements who witness or experience traumatic events were likely to experience IPV, and this increases when women were exposed to multiple types of events. Our model suggests that experiencing traumatic events, and non-partner rape in particular, has negative effects on women’s mental health in ways that may increase their vulnerability to IPV. IPV prevention interventions should consider the broader impacts of women’s exposure to neighbourhood violence and severe poverty on IPV risk in settings where these are endemic.Trial registration numberNCT03022370; post-results.

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“…Women's endorsement of attitudes tolerant of IPV is the result of socialization within home environments that support men's right to use IPV as a form of discipline [38]. This use of IPV by men against their spouses is not only an enormous threat to the mental and physical health of women globally, but also an influential factor in the future attitudes and behaviors of children who witness it [55,56]. Children who observe violence against their mothers or are victims of it themselves internalize the lesson that violence is an acceptable conflict resolution tool and may go on to model these behaviors later in life [57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Latent Class Analysis of Gender Attitudes and Their Associations with Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Corley

Glass

Remy³

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Gender role attitudes, views held by individuals regarding the roles men and women should play in society, are a powerful social determinant of health. However, work remains in elucidating the associations between gender attitudes and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration or victimization and mental health problems. We used latent class analysis to classify patterns of responses on survey items on gender attitudes by male and female adults in households that participated in an economic empowerment intervention and evaluation in rural villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Attitudes about IPV and gender equality were two subdomains to emerge from analysis and a 3-class model solution was found to best fit response patterns. Results indicated that, as compared to the least gender equitable class, individuals in the moderately gender equitable and fully gender equitable classes had lower odds of having experienced or perpetrated psychological abuse. Individuals within the moderately gender equitable class were at lower odds of having experienced or perpetrated physical or sexual violence. Further, individuals in the moderately gender equitable and fully gender equitable classes had significantly lower mean scores on symptoms associated with PTSD than individuals in the least gender equitable class. Future research should explore the relationships between gender attitudes, partner violence and mental health to build resilient families.

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Masculinities and violence: using latent class analysis to investigate the origins and correlates of differences between men in the cross-sectional UN Multi-country Study on men and violence in Asia and the Pacific

Cited by 13 publications

References 35 publications

Sexual IPV and non-partner rape of female sex workers: Findings of a cross-sectional community-centric national study in South Africa

Sexual IPV and non-partner rape of female sex workers: Findings of a cross-sectional community-centric national study in South Africa

Does experiencing a traumatic life event increase the risk of intimate partner violence for young women? A cross-sectional analysis and structural equation model of data from theStepping Stones and Creating Futuresintervention in South Africa

A Latent Class Analysis of Gender Attitudes and Their Associations with Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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