Mars surface habitability options

Howe, Alan; Simon, Matthew; Smitherman, David; Howard, Robert; Toups, Larry; Hoffman, Stephen J.

doi:10.1109/aero.2015.7119273

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Assuming a linear increase in GVM with instrument mass provides an estimate of approximately 1300kg. Rovers to support Mars surface infrastructure development tasks may require larger GVM [27]. Transport cost estimates included driving speeds ranging from 1 to 3 mph with the assumption that the average drive time in a 6 hr crew LLT period would be 3 hrs, with the remaining 3 hrs spent doing detailed observations, sampling, and analysis.…”

Section: Low-latency Teleoperationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exploration missions to phobos prior to crewed mars surface missions

Gernhardt

Abercromby

Bekdash

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference

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Phobos is a scientifically interesting destination which offers engineering, operational and public outreach activities that could enhance subsequent Mars surface missions. A Phobos mission would serve to facilitate the development of the human-based Mars transportation infrastructure, unmanned cargo delivery systems, as well as habitation and exploration assets that would be directly relevant to subsequent Mars surface missions. It would also potentially provide for low latency teleoperations (LLT) of Mars surface robots performing a range of tasks from landing site validation to infrastructure development to support future crewed Mars surface Missions. A human mission to Phobos would be preceded by a cargo predeploy of a Phobos surface habitat and a pressurized excursion vehicle (PEV) to Mars orbit. Once in Mars orbit, the habitat and PEV would spiral to Phobos using solar electric propulsion (SEP)-based systems. When a crewed mission is launched to Phobos, it would include the remaining systems to support the crew during the Earth-to-Mars orbit transit and to reach Phobos after insertion into a high Mars orbit (HMO). The crew would taxi from HMO to Phobos in a spacecraft that is based on a MAV to rendezvous with the predeployed systems. A predominantly static Phobos surface habitat was chosen as a baseline architecture. The habitat would have limited capability to relocate on the surface to shorten excursion distances required by the PEV during exploration and to provide rescue capability should the PEV become disabled. PEVs would contain closed-loop guidance and provide life support and consumables for two crewmembers for two weeks plus reserves. The PEV has a cabin that uses the exploration atmosphere of 8.2psi with 34% oxygen. This atmosphere enables EVA to occur with minimal oxygen prebreathe before crewmembers enter their EVA suits through suit ports, and provides dust control to occur by keeping the suits outside the pressurized volume. When equipped with outriggers, the PEV enables EVA tasks without the need to anchor. Tasks with higher force requirements can be performed with PEV propulsion providing the necessary thrust to counteract forces. This paper overviews the mission operational concepts, and timelines, along with analysis of the power, lighting, habitat stability, and EVA forces. Exploration of Phobos builds heavily on the development of the cis-lunar proving ground and significantly reduces Mars surface risk by facilitating the design, development and testing of habitats, MAVs, and pressurized rover cabins that are all investments in Mars surface assets.

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Section: Low-latency Teleoperationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human exploration missions to phobos prior to crewed mars surface missions

Gernhardt

Abercromby

Bekdash

et al. 2016

2016 IEEE Aerospace Conference

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“…Simon & Wilhite, 2013). The connections between habitability and BHP outcomes in operational environments have been elucidated in reviews of the qualitative literature and historical data (Howe et al, 2015;Kearney, 2016a;Rudisill et al, 2008) and systematic collection and analysis of subject matter expert input (Kearney, 2016b), but have not yielded any standard measures for prospective use. The world of architecture has developed quantitative measures of subjective experience, but naturally focus on aesthetics of exterior building features, rarely with any consideration of habitability or function (cf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Subjective Habitability & Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ): Development and Validation

et al. 2022

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Objective Describe the development and validation of the Subjective Habitability & Acceptability Questionnaire (SHAQ). Background Habitat area size, layout, and design may impact individual and team behavioral health and performance (BHP) outcomes in operational environments. However, there are no standardized measures of these relationships. Method SHAQ is a modular survey consisting of two 6-item scales: BHP Outcomes ( Performance of Individual Activities, Performance of Group Activities, Mood, Psychological Stress, Sleep, and Social Interactions) and Habitability Moderators ( Privacy, Social Density, Efficiency, Control, Comfort, and Convenience). We collected SHAQ data from NASA’s Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA) crews ( n = 19) in reference to multiple habitat areas (Sleep/Bedroom, Hygiene/Bathroom, Work/Office/Workshop, and Food Preparation/Kitchen/Galley) in the HERA operational environment, private hotel rooms, and individual home habitats. Results SHAQ has high construct validity (single factor solutions, mean item factor loading = 0.760, mean % variance = 60.37), internal consistency and reliability (item mean α = 0.880, mean ω=0.894, mean ICC = 0.430), concurrent validity (mean item r with System Usability Scale = 0.42), and discriminant validity (e.g., significantly higher facilitation of group activities in HERA Work/Office/Workshop and Food Preparation/Kitchen/Galley areas vs. Hygiene/Bathroom and Sleep/Bedroom areas; significantly higher ratings of privacy, comfort, and convenience in hotel vs. HERA). Conclusion SHAQ is a reliable, valid, and sensitive measure of BHP impacts of habitat size and layout. Application SHAQ can be used to inform evidence-based recommendations and thresholds for habitat area size, layout, and design options to support individual and team BHP in operational environments.

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