Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction: Pathogenetic Role and Diagnostic Significance

Abstract

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is considered one of the pathogenetic mechanisms of a whole range of diseases. Detection of specific biochemical markers in the blood is an effective way to ED diagnostics that characterize the vascular endothelium state. This review highlights the pathogenetic role of the factors synthesized by endotheliocytes whose level changes in biological fluids reflect violations of the endothelium basic physiological properties: vasomotor function, thromboresistance, angiogenesis regulation, barrier and adhesion functions. In particular, the participation of nitric oxide metabolites, asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, metabolic products of arachidonic acid, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, vasohibine-1 and adhesion molecules in the onset and development of ED are reviewed. The diagnostic significances of factors damaging endothelium, such as C-reactive protein, homocysteine and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine, are discussed. In addition, the literature data of recent years about the prospects of clinical implication the detection of the above-mentioned factors which indicates structural and functional endothelial cells damage are given. Particular attention is paid to the ED markers detection prognostic significance and the possibility of their practical use for the ED diagnosis. The search of literature for the current review was conducted in RSIC, CyberLeninka, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine and PubMed databases from 2012 to 2018 using the following keywords: endothelial dysfunction, nitric oxide, asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, vascular endothelial growth factor, vasohibin-1, adhesive molecules, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine.

Indicators of endothelial function and systemic immune inflammatory response in patients with chronic heart failure and coexisting primary hypothyroidism

“…The determination of various factors secreted by the endothelium in biological fluids, namely the blood serum, is a very important method for determining the degree of endothelial dysfunction severity (Ivanov et al 2014;Kazimli et al 2014;Vasina et al 2017). The determination of specific blood biochemical markers is an effective method to detect endothelial dysfunction which is used to characterize the state of the vascular endothelium (Stepanova et al 2019). Among these markers, there is ET-1 that reflects the state of endothelial vasomotor function (Sokolov et al 2013).…”

Structural Features of the Wall of Myocardial Intramural Vessels and the Content of Homocystein in the Blood Plasma Under the Lindane and Sodium Dichromate Exposure

“…Наряду с этими морфометрическими изменениями содержание маркера, указывающего на повреждение эндотелия, -гомоцистеина в плазме крови -увеличивается в группе отравления бихроматом натрия, что свидетельствует о его высоком общем действии и указывает на прямое влияние гомоцистеина на изменения в стенке кровеносных сосудов. По литературным данным, к числу маркеров эндотелиальной дисфункции относится гомоцистеин наряду с С-реактивным белком, 8-гидрокси-и 2-дезоксигуанозином [12,13]. Кроме того, повышенные уровни гомоцистеина в плазме являются основным фактором развития атеросклероза, а эндотелиальная дисфункция основана на гомо цис теинзависимом повреждении сосудов [14,15].…”

Research progress in endothelial cell injury and repair

“…Clinical studies and animal experiments have shown that a variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (chronic cardiac insufficiency, diabetic vascular complications, stroke) are accompanied by endothelial cell dysfunction ( Jara and Mezzano, 2008 ; Moon, 2021 ). In clinical studies, surface high-frequency ultrasound may be used to detect brachial artery blood flow–mediated endothelium-dependent dilation (FMD) and non–endothelium-dependent diastolic function (nitroglycerin-mediated dilation, NMD) to detect nitric oxide in blood (nitric oxide, NO), von Willebrand factor (vWF), asymmetric dimetylarginine (ADMA), and other indirect indicators of endothelial function ( Arslan et al, 2017 ; Mortensen et al, 2019 ; Stepanova et al, 2019 ). The morphological changes of endothelial injury have been observed and endothelial NO levels and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity were detected in different experimental animal models (hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes) ( Kietadisorn et al, 2012 ).…”