Mapping Occupational Heat Exposure and Effects in South-East Asia: Ongoing Time Trends 1980^|^ndash;2011 and Future Estimates to 2050

Kjellström, Tord; Lemke, Bruno; Otto, M. Alexander

doi:10.2486/indhealth.2012-0174

Cited by 94 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There are a limited number of studies validating, exploring, or using heat stress metrics on a global scale (Kjellstrom et al, 2009b;Hyatt et al, 2010;Sherwood and Huber, 2010;Fischer and Schar, 2010;Fischer and Knutti, 2012;Willett and Sherwood, 2012;Dunne et al, 2013;Kjellstrom et al, 2013;Oleson et al, 2013b). Algorithms for measuring heat stress and labor capacity are based upon sub-daily rates of exposure to heat stress (Parsons, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Algorithms for measuring heat stress and labor capacity are based upon sub-daily rates of exposure to heat stress (Parsons, 2006). Most of these studies do not capture the diurnal cycle of heat stress (Kjellstrom et al, 2009b;Hyatt et al, 2010;Fischer and Schar, 2010;Fischer and Knutti, 2012;Willett and Sherwood, 2012;Dunne et al, 2013;Kjellstrom et al, 2013), thus not representing either nighttime highs or daytime extremes. Only one study includes solar radiation as a component in heat stress .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Buck's (1981) moist thermodynamic calculations are not as accurate as those of Bolton (1980) yet are used in a recent study . Wet bulb temperature calculations are different between multiple studies (Hyatt et al, 2010;Sherwood and Huber, 2010;Dunne et al, 2013;Kjellstrom et al, 2013;Oleson et al, 2013b). Hyatt et al (2010) and use natural wet bulb temperature (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implementation and comparison of a suite of heat stress metrics within the Community Land Model version 4.5

2015

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Abstract. We implement and analyze 13 different metrics (4 moist thermodynamic quantities and 9 heat stress metrics) in the Community Land Model (CLM4.5), the land surface component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We call these routines the HumanIndexMod. We limit the algorithms of the HumanIndexMod to meteorological inputs of temperature, moisture, and pressure for their calculation. All metrics assume no direct sunlight exposure. The goal of this project is to implement a common framework for calculating operationally used heat stress metrics, in climate models, offline output, and locally sourced weather data sets, with the intent that the HumanIndexMod may be used with the broadest of applications. The thermodynamic quantities use the latest, most accurate and efficient algorithms available, which in turn are used as inputs to the heat stress metrics. There are three advantages of adding these metrics to CLM4.5: (1) improved moist thermodynamic quantities; (2) quantifying heat stress in every available environment within CLM4.5; and (3) these metrics may be used with human, animal, and industrial applications.We demonstrate the capabilities of the HumanIndexMod in a default configuration simulation using CLM4.5. We output 4× daily temporal resolution globally. We show that the advantage of implementing these routines into CLM4.5 is capturing the nonlinearity of the covariation of temperature and moisture conditions. For example, we show that there are systematic biases of up to 1.5 • C between monthly and ±0.5 • C between 4× daily offline calculations and the online instantaneous calculation, respectively. Additionally, we show that the differences between an inaccurate wet bulb calculation and the improved wet bulb calculation are ±1.5 • C. These differences are important due to human responses to heat stress being nonlinear. Furthermore, we show heat stress has unique regional characteristics. Some metrics have a strong dependency on regionally extreme moisture, while others have a strong dependency on regionally extreme temperature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Implementation and comparison of a suite of heat stress metrics within the Community Land Model version 4.5

2015

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“…Future climate change will make this situation worse for millions, and maybe even billions, of working people 10) .…”

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confidence: 99%

Climate Change and Occupational Heat Problems

Kjellström

Sawada

Bernard³

et al. 2013

Ind Health

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In many parts of the world ongoing climate change during the last three decades has produced higher temperatures and occupational heat stress levels in both outdoor and indoor workplaces 1,2) . Working people are particularly exposed to these heating trends in tropical and sub-tropical countries, where excessive workplace heat exposures linked to the outdoor ambient thermal environment are a traditional part of local life, but heat waves in cooler countries are also affecting workers health and productivity 3) .Outdoor work is avoided by local people during the hottest part of the days in the hot season, as the heat stress from air temperature, humidity and wind, and the additional heat load from solar heat radiation, overwhelms the human physiological capacity to maintain thermal balance 4) . High workplace heat exposure is connected to various clinical effects and also to increased incidence of occupational injuries 5) .The notion that indoor workers are generally sufficiently protected via air conditioning, fans or other cooling systems does not apply to most industrial workplaces in low and middle income countries in hot parts of the world 6,7) . These are the countries where most of the global population lives. Rapid urbanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America adds to the local heat exposures via great amounts of construction work 8) and the Urban Heat Island effect 9) .The lack of technical protection against heat is an important threat to the health and productivity in workplaces. Future climate change will make this situation worse for millions, and maybe even billions, of working people 10) .Daily life non-work activities are also affected by high heat exposures, and for most poor people there is no distinction between work and daily chores. This special issue of Industrial Health presents papers on different aspects of occupational heat problems in relation to climate change. The papers present examples from different parts of the world, and highlight methods for heat exposure assessment 11) , standards for occupational heat exposures 12,13) , and the health and productivity risks of workplace heat in relation to climate conditions and climate change 14) . A small scientific conference on "Occu- Tord KJELLSTROM

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“…É o índice legal apresentado na Norma Regulamentadora de Segurança e Higiene do Trabalho 15 (NR-15) 34 e também foi adotado pela International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 7243 35 , tendo aprovação mínima de 75% dos países membros da ISO. A utilização do IBUTG, na análise de sobrecarga térmica laboral, pode ser identificada em estudos de diversas regiões do mundo, tais como na Costa Rica 32 ou no Sudeste Asiático 36 .…”

Section: Estimativa Do Ibutg E Método De Análiseunclassified

Risco de exposição à sobrecarga térmica para trabalhadores da cultura de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

et al. 2017

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Risco de exposição à sobrecarga térmica para trabalhadores da cultura de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, BrasilRisk of exposure to heatstroke in sugarcane workers in São Paulo State, Brazil Riesgo de exposición a la sobrecarga térmica para trabajadores de plantaciones de caña de azúcar en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil A crescente mecanização da colheita em São Paulo, decorrente da Lei n o 11.241/02 4 , tem foco ambiental e não de preservação da segurança e saúde do trabalhador. Em 2012, a mecanização atingiu, aproximadamente, 73% da área plantada. Apesar disso, em 2013, cerca de 200 mil trabalhadores atuaram no corte manual da cana-de-açúcar, predominantemente nas pequenas propriedades. Também se deve considerar que há áreas não mecanizáveis devido a inclinações maiores que 12 º . Além disso, há a necessidade de a primeira colheita ser manual para não prejudicar a rebrota 5 . Portanto, a total mecanização da colheita em São Paulo parece não se apresentar como uma realidade próxima.As condições de trabalho oferecidas aos trabalhadores da cultura de cana-de-açúcar não são adequadas, e isso é percebido há muitas décadas. O trabalho infanto-juvenil nos canaviais, já identificado como um grave problema na segunda metade da década de 1990 por Gomes et al. 6 , ainda é uma realidade por volta do ano de 2010 7 . O emprego formal tem crescido em São Paulo, mas em índices muito aquém ao aumento da produção. A produtividade média diária dos cortadores de cana-de-açú-car passou de 3 toneladas, na década de 1950, para 6 toneladas, na década de 1980, e 12 toneladas, no final da década de 1990 8 . Normalmente, esses trabalhadores desenvolvem suas atividades sob péssi-mas condições de trabalho. A poluição no ar provocada pelo processo de queima da cana-de-açúcar, por exemplo, além de causar impactos ambientais 9 , também favorece a ocorrência de problemas respiratórios nos trabalhadores e na população ao redor do cultivo 10,11 . Além disso, de acordo com Bitencourt et al. 12 , esses trabalhadores, na maioria das vezes, alimentam-se mal, são transportados de forma inadequada, não têm controle do processo de reidratação durante a jornada de trabalho e descansam apenas poucos minutos após a alimentação. Os trabalhadores da cana-de-açúcar não dispõem de todos os equipamentos de proteção individual e frequentemente improvisam para evitar danos físicos. O local do cultivo geralmente não possui equipamentos de primeiros socorros, condições mínimas de higiene e instalações sanitárias.A cada jornada de trabalho, os cortadores de cana-de-açúcar realizam 3.792 golpes de facão, exercendo 3.994 flexões de coluna para produzir cerca de 11 toneladas de cana-de-açúcar 13 . Um dos aspectos mais graves nesse processo é a remuneração por produção, abordada em vários trabalhos 7,14,15,16,17,18 . A expectativa do ganho financeiro leva o trabalhador a ignorar os alertas fisiológicos, podendo ocasionar a exaustão e consequentes danos agudos e crônicos à sua saúde. Esse risco é acentuado pela competitividade estimulada entre os colegas e pela p...

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Mapping Occupational Heat Exposure and Effects in South-East Asia: Ongoing Time Trends 1980^|^ndash;2011 and Future Estimates to 2050

Cited by 94 publications

References 19 publications

Implementation and comparison of a suite of heat stress metrics within the Community Land Model version 4.5

Implementation and comparison of a suite of heat stress metrics within the Community Land Model version 4.5

Climate Change and Occupational Heat Problems

Risco de exposição à sobrecarga térmica para trabalhadores da cultura de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

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