Manipulation of broiler chickens sex differentiation by in ovo injection of aromatase inhibitors, and garlic and tomato extracts

Abstract

The influence of in ovo administration of aromatase inhibitors, clomiphen citrate, tomoxifen, and garlic and tomato extracts on sex differentiation in broiler chickens were investigated in 2 experiments. Five hundred, and 1,000 fertile eggs from Ross 308 strain were used in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In both experiments, eggs were divided into 5 groups: control group (DW, 0.1 mL/egg), tomoxifen (0.05 mg/egg), clomiphene citrate (0.05 mg/egg), garlic and tomato extracts (0.1 mL/egg). Eggs were sanitized and prepared for incubation in a regular automatic hatchery. Experimental preparations were injected into eggs at day 5 of the incubation period. Injection sites on the eggs were cleaned with 70% ethylic alcohol, bored by a needle, and aromatase inhibitors were injected into the white from the thin end of the eggs by insulin syringe and then sealed by melted paraffin. In experiment 1, hatched one-day-old chicks (mixed-sex) were raised till 42 days of age in 25 floor pens with a completely randomized design. Experiment 2 was designed to investigate the effects of sex and treatments on the feed-to-gain ratio of broiler chicks. In experiment 2, hatched one-day-old chicks were feather sexed and raised till 42 days of age in 50 floor pens. A completely randomized design with a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments (sex×treatment) was used. Gonads of the chicks were checked to determine their sex on day 42 by optic microscope to make sure feather sexing was correct. At the end of both experiments, on day 42, one bird from each pen was slaughtered for carcass analysis. In experiment 1, hatchability and the one-day-old weight of chicks showed no significant differences among treatments (P > 0.05). However, in ovo administration of garlic and tomato extracts caused the highest percentage of male chicks (P < 0.05). Also, the percentage of thighs and wings of the males were significantly higher than those of females (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, feed-to-gain ratio of male and female broiler chicks showed no significant differences among treatments (P > 0.05).

Impact of Oral Supplementation of Different Levels of Tamoxifen on Productive and Reproductive Efficiencies and Carcass Traits of Avian48 and Arbor Acres Broilers

“…As a result, the total feed conversion ratio for chickens under TAM20 treatment was lower than control and even TAM10. Our findings were in contrast to Nahid et al [ 12 ] who concluded that there were no significant differences in bird weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed-to-gain ratio between treated and control groups, but this disparity could be attributable to drug dosage, injection time, number of chickens injected or strain.…”

“…Supplementation with Tamoxifen did not significantly affect carcass characteristics compared to control procedures; similar findings were concluded in a previous study by Nahid et al [ 12 ]. While TAM20 increased carcass cuts percentages numerically than TAM10 and control groups in Arbor Acres breed, Avian48 chicken TAM20 given lower carcass characters than TAM10 and control groups.…”

“…In the contrast, the administration of high doses of TAM caused blockage of oestrogen receptors leading to a progressive decrease in the laying of eggs before their complete cessation [ 8 ]. TAM‘s impact at different ages has been studied, either by ova inoculation to estimate its influence on sex determination as a modulator for oestrogen receptors [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] or hatch day [ 9 ] or even older ages to assess its impact on hormonal profile and reproductive system [ 6 , 13 , 14 ]. Additionally, the various administration techniques of Tamoxifen were studied: in-ovo inoculation [ 9 ], per os in gelatine capsules [ 15 ] and intra muscular injection as well as the use of different preparation doses, e.g., 0.5; 1.0; 5.0; 10.0 or even 25 mg/kg body weight.…”

Time of sexual maturity and early egg quality of Japanese quails affected by in ovo injection of medicinal plants

“…Therefore, it may be that the positive manipulation by IO of birds during their embryonic life triggers early activation of ovary and oogenesis and leads the onset of sexual maturity occurring earlier, which is reflected in high egg production in the post-hatch period. Fazli et al (2015) reported that the administration of GC and tomato extracts in ovo at day 5 influenced female ovary defeminization and sex reversal during the embryonic development stage. The essential compounds in GC and tomato are natural aromatase inhibitors (antiestrogen).…”

“…There is a lack of papers concerning this innovative topic regarding our tested PEs. The effect of different levels of PEs or their derivatives on hatching, productive and immune results through IO has been studied by researchers, who examined, for instance, α-galactoside of lupin seeds (Villaluenga et al, 2004), αgalactoside of pea (Pilarski et al, 2005), caffeine (McGruder et al, 2011), grape seed (Hajati et al, 2014), pollens of sunflower (Coşkun et al, 2014), wheat (Tako et al, 2014), garlic, tomato (Fazli et al, 2015), thyme, savory (Saki and Salary, 2015), or Silybum marianum (Morovata et al, 2016). It is worth mentioning that some PEs were tested for their antiviral (Rezatofighi et al, 2014) and antimicrobial activity (Burt, 2004), as natural anticoccidial (Dalloul et al, 2006), as biological antioxidants reacting with free radicals (Wallace et al, 2010), for anti-inflammatory activity of the phytochemicals contained (Sahin et al, 2013) and for immunostimulant functions (Frankic et al, 2009).…”