Management of Saltwater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers: An Overview of Recent Advances

Simulation of Seawater Intrusion Area Using Feedforward Neural Network in Longkou, China

“…4. It can be seen from the table that during the training, the statistical indicators E, RMSE, R, and MAE were 0.978, 0.877 km 2 , 0.990, and 0.575 km 2 , respectively, and the corresponding parameters were 0.821, 0.493 km 2 , 0.941, and 0.295 km 2 during the validation. The values of statistical indicators implied that the performance of FNN Model 2 was satisfactory during both the training and the validation period.…”

“…The activation function is vital to the network, which makes neurons have the ability of perception. The tan-sigmoid function was applied to hidden layers and output layers and is described as Equation (2).…”

“…Groundwater is easily accessible freshwater and an essential resource for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes in coastal regions. With the rapid growth of human settlements and social economy, these water demands increase the pressure on aquifer, and overexploitation of groundwater resources has become an unavoidable problem in many coastal regions [1,2]. The excessive and unregular exploitation from the coastal aquifer, hydraulically connected with sea, may cause seawater intrusion (SI) [1,3], which seriously threatens the sustainability of groundwater utilization and ecosystems.…”

“…The excessive and unregular exploitation from the coastal aquifer, hydraulically connected with sea, may cause seawater intrusion (SI) [1,3], which seriously threatens the sustainability of groundwater utilization and ecosystems. SI in different areas of the world has been reported in many researches and has obviously become a global issue [2,[4][5][6][7].…”

“…SI, as well as groundwater level (GWL), is generally affected by natural and anthropogenic factors, such as precipitation, surface water level, groundwater pumping, and artificial recharge [13]. Most of the previous researches focused on chloride concentration changes, which are an important indicator to directly represent SI process [2,11,12]. However, the chloride concentrations at some points are not stable and often have the extreme value from monitoring or simulation, which can increase the uncertainty in SI management.…”