Management of internal carotid artery near-occlusion: the need for updated evidence

Abstract

Near occlusion of internal carotid artery (ICA) is a rare and easily misdiagnosed condition and the decision for revascularisation still remains controversial. We conducted an updated meta-analysis in order to investigate outcomes after carotid endarterectomy (CEA), carotid artery stenting (CAS) or best medical treatment (BMT) in patients with near-occlusion of the ICA. We also aimed to investigate the role of time as a potential moderator of the near-ICA occlusion-stroke rate association. A multiple electronic health database search on articles published up to November 2019 was performed. The pooled stroke rate after CEA, CAS and BMT were calculated. We also investigated transient ischemic attack (TIA), strokerelated death, myocardial infarction (MI), any cause of death and ICA restenosis crude rates (%). A total of 33 articles were finally deemed eligible. The pooled stroke rate was 1.52% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-4.02%] after CEA, 1.80% (95% CI: 0.61-3.40%) after CAS and 8.39% (95% CI: 3.39-14.80%) after BMT. Out of 896 CEA patients, we recorded 22 TIAs (2.5%), 33 all-cause deaths (3.7%), 5 stroke-related deaths (0.6%) and 6 MIs (0.7%). Concerning outcomes after 603 CAS patients, we recorded 7 TIAs (1.2%), 56 all-cause deaths (9.3%), 4 stroke-related deaths (0.7%) and 22 MIs (3.6%). Among 263 patients who were treated with BMT, we found 16 TIAs (6.1%), 10 all-cause deaths (3.8%), no stroke-related death, and no MI. Crude restenosis rate during follow-up was 9.0% (54/601) for CEA and 4.1% (24/592) for CAS patients. No significant effect of publication year upon stroke rate after CEA was recorded. However, there was a significant reversed association between pooled stroke rate after CAS and publication year (P=0.05). A statistically significant reversed association between pooled stroke rate after BMT and publication year was also recorded (P<0.01). The results of this updated meta-analysis revealed high stroke rate for patients with near-occlusion of ICA who treated only with BMT, while intervention seemed to be safe and effective. A downward trend in the stroke rates over time after CAS and BMT was also discovered. These highlight that patients with near-occlusion of ICA should be included and investigated in future studies.

Carotid Endarterectomy for the Treatment of Carotid Near-Occlusion With Recurrent Symptoms

“…Subgroup analyses showed that the proportion of CNO with full collapse was not the source of high heterogeneity. Antonopoulos et al ( 23 ) concluded that the pooled stroke rate was 1.52% after CEA, 1.80% after CAS, and 8.39% after BMT. A downward trend over time in stroke rates after CAS and BMT could be discovered.…”

The periprocedural and 30-day outcomes of carotid stenting in patients with carotid artery near-occlusion

“…Therefore, the current guideline recommendations are based on previous surgical endarterectomy trials data and do not consider contemporary advance in surgical techniques, OMT, or carotid stenting. A recent meta-analysis suggested the risk of stroke was higher in CANO patients receiving OMT alone, compared with those receiving revascularization (OMT 8.4%, endarterectomy 1.5%, CAS 1.8%) 30 . Modification of management guidelines for CANO is therefore necessary, mandating studies to collect more data.…”

Near-Occlusion is a Common Variant of Carotid Stenosis: Study and Systematic Review

“…3,9 Therefore, near-occlusions might not be 'rare', as they are often described to be. [10][11][12][13][14][15] Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of near-occlusion either do not present a prevalence estimate, 1-2 present near-occlusion as 'rare', [11][12]15 'relatively rare', [15][16][17] as ≤10% of 'cases' (of varying definition), [15][16][17][18][19][20] or as 20% of ≥70% stenosis. 17 In consecutive studies assessing near-occlusion prognosis, the prevalence of near-occlusion among symptomatic ≥50% carotid stenosis has been 27%-31%, but with possible selection bias.…”