Mammalian Toxicity of Munition Compounds. Phase III. Effects of Lifetime Exposure. Part I. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

Ellis, Harry V.; Hagensen, Jack H; Hodgson, John; Minor, Jan L.; Hong, Chuen-Bin

doi:10.21236/ada077692

Cited by 28 publications

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“…2,4-DNT has been shown to have adverse effects on human health and is implicated in the occurrence of cancer, nausea, vertigo, methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, pain or paresthesia in extremities, tremors, paralysis, chest pain, and unconsciousness (Etnier, 1987;Levine et al, 1985b;Ellis et al, 1979). Brüning et al (1999Brüning et al ( , 2001Brüning et al ( , 2002 found that over long durations (> 5 months), mine workers exposed to 2,4-DNT had increased cases of kidney, urinary tract, and pelvis cancers.…”

Section: A-11 24-dnt Occurrence and Hazardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arsenic Removal Using Iron-Modified Zeolites

Andrews¹

2016

Geological Society of America Abstracts With Programs

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We determined the ability of two iron-and-zeolite materials to remove arsenic from groundwater. The first material is composed of iron, surfactant-modified zeolite, and hard silicate foam, and is known as Surfactant-Modified Zeolite/ Zero-Valent Iron (SMZ/ZVI). The second material is a new formulation that consists of iron-modified zeolite (IMZ). We prepared eight different prototypes of IMZ for arsenic removal and eventually used one for further testing. The iron content, surface area, and arsenic adsorption capacity were analyzed for each fully prepared material.Lab-based batch experiments were performed on each material to estimate the adsorption capacity. Additionally, the effect of pH on adsorption and the rate of adsorption were determined for the SMZ/ZVI material and one of the newly prepared IMZ. All batch tests were performed using synthetic water based on the chemistry of Socorro Springs water from Socorro, NM. Batch isotherms were performed on each IMZ material using arsenic concentrations that ranged from 10 -200 mg/L. Batch experiments were accompanied by small-scale column experiments in the lab, and in the case of SMZ/ZVI, a field column test was performed at a wellhead. All of the water used in the column experiments was sourced from the Socorro Springs near the city of Socorro, NM (containing 41-45 µg/L arsenate, pH = 8.1, and TDS = 356 µS/cm), and was transported to the lab for column testing. Influent and effluent arsenic concentrations, column flowrates, and total volume were measured in each column study. The measured parameters were used to calculate the volume of water treated below EPA arsenic concentration specifications. All arsenic concentrations were obtained using a hydride generation method coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES).The batch experiments showed that the SMZ/ZVI has a maximum arsenic adsorption capacity as calculated by the Langmuir isotherm of 512 mg/kg. The pH study showed that maximum arsenic adsorption occurs at pH 6.5 and that sorption decreases below or above this pH value. The kinetic studies showed that 95% adsorption is achieved in less than 2 minutes at low concentrations (66 µg/L) and The arsenic adsorption capacity varied greatly between the different types of newly created IMZ and was heavily dependent on the procedures used for iron application. The most successful technique that resulted in good iron coating coverage, robustness, and a high arsenic adsorption capacity was a multi-step process that coated the iron on the zeolite in several smaller amounts rather than one large loading. The material chosen is labeled IMZ-8 and contained 28,400 mg of iron per kg material.Compared with the raw zeolite that had a surface are of 13.8 m²/g, the surface area of IMZ-8 increased about 150% to 21.4 m²/g. Using the Langmuir isotherm, IMZ-8 had a maximum arsenic adsorption capacity of 654 mg/ kg and a Langmuir coefficient of 4.65 L/mg. The IMZ-8 material was further tested by looking at the effects of pH on adsorption an...

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Section: A-11 24-dnt Occurrence and Hazardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arsenic Removal Using Iron-Modified Zeolites

Andrews¹

2016

Geological Society of America Abstracts With Programs

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“…Many of the effects of dinitrotoluenes on the hematopoietic system are associated with the induction of methemoglobinemia [3]. Although it did not pose a problem in tests conducted with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) which gave clearly negative results, methemoglobinemia has been cited as a contributor to false positive results in micronucleus assays [31][32][33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar patterns of distortion have been observed with compounds that induce methemoglobinemia, suggesting that the pattern is autofluorescence associated with methemoglobinemia. As 2,5-DNT induced severe cyanosis and anemia and DNTs have been reported to induce methemoglobinemia [3], the distortion in plots for 2,5-DNT was likely due to autofluorescence associated with methemoglobinemia. Because the autofluorescence caused a dosedependent artificial increase in the frequency of MN-RET reported, post-acquisition adjustments were made to the gating parameters to accommodate for a modest degree of autofluorescence.…”

Section: Peripheral Blood Micronucleus Assaymentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Although two of the three cancer bioassays determined that 2,4-/2,6-DNT and TG-DNT were hepatocarcinogenic in rats [3,4], the third study found that 2,4-/2,6-DNT was not an hepatocarcinogen [5]. The differences in carcinogenic effects reported in these studies have been attributed to differences in the mixtures of DNT isomers used (TG-DNT vs. 98% and 95% 2,4-DNT, respectively), prompting a series of investigations on the carcinogenic potential of the individual isomers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of isomers of dinitrotoluene using the alkaline Comet and peripheral blood micronucleus assays

Lent

Crouse

Quinn

et al. 2012

Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagene

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a b s t r a c t Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is a nitroaromatic explosive that exists as six isomers; two major isomers (2,4-and 2,6-DNT) and four minor isomers (2,2,3,and 3,. DNT has been found in soil, surface water, and groundwater near ammunition production plants. The major isomers of DNT are classified as "likely to cause cancer in humans." In vitro studies have provided conflicting data regarding the genotoxicity of the minor isomers. Studies indicate that metabolism in the gut and liver are necessary to convert DNT to genotoxic compounds. As such, in the present study the genotoxicity of isomers of DNT was assessed using two in vivo genotoxicity assays. The Comet assay was used to detect DNA damage in liver cells from male Sprague-Dawley rats following oral exposure (14-day) to individual isomers of DNT. The micronucleus assay was conducted using flow cytometric analysis to detect chromosomal damage in peripheral blood. Treatment with 2,3-, 3,4-, 2,4-, 2,5-and 3,5-DNT did not induce DNA damage in liver cells or increase the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RET) in peripheral blood at the doses tested. Treatment with 2,6-DNT induced DNA damage in liver tissue at all doses tested, but did not increase the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RET) in peripheral blood. Thus, 2,4-DNT and the minor isomers were not genotoxic under these test conditions, while 2,6-DNT was genotoxic in the target tissue, the liver. These results support previous research which indicated that the hepatocarcinogenicity of technical grade DNT (TG-DNT) could be attributed to the 2,6-DNT isomer.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Dinitrotoluole (alle Isomeren in technischen Gemischen) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1986]

2012

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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Veröffentlicht in der Reihe Gesundheitsschädliche Arbeitsstoffe , 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1986 Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel: Charakterisierung der einzelnen Dinitrotoluole und des Isomerengemisches Allgemeiner Wirkungscharakter Angaben zur Pharmakokinetik Untersuchungen zur Enzyminduktion Makromolekulare Bindung und DNA‐Reparatur Erfahrungen beim Menschen Tierexperimentelle Befunde Akute Toxizität Subchronische und chronische Toxizität Untersuchungen zur mutagenen, antifertilen und teratogenen Wirkung von DNT Mutagenitätsstudien/Ames Test Mutagenitätsstudien/Dominant‐Letal‐Test Mutagenitätsstudien/Zellkultur Teratogenitätsstudien Untersuchungen zur kanzerogenen Wirkung Maus Lungenadenom‐Test Initiations‐Promotions‐Studien Zur Frage eines MAK‐Wertes

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Mammalian Toxicity of Munition Compounds. Phase III. Effects of Lifetime Exposure. Part I. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Arsenic Removal Using Iron-Modified Zeolites

Arsenic Removal Using Iron-Modified Zeolites

Assessment of the in vivo genotoxicity of isomers of dinitrotoluene using the alkaline Comet and peripheral blood micronucleus assays

Dinitrotoluole (alle Isomeren in technischen Gemischen) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1986]

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