Malaria epidemiology in low-endemicity areas of the Atlantic Forest in the Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil

Habitat suitability of Anopheles vector species and association with human malaria in the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil

“…cruzii (Table III). These results are partially in accordance with the hypothesis of Curado et al (2006) and Duarte et al (2008), which suggest that in areas of the Atlantic Forest, humans can become infected with human Plasmodium when they invade the natural foci of An. cruzii and the Alouatta spp of monkeys, which serve as the reservoirs of Plasmodium sp.…”

“…Couto et al (2010) reported that 444 cases of Plasmodium vivax-malaria occurred in the Vale do ribeira on the south-eastern coast of the state of São Paulo (SP) between 1980-2007. Moreover, nonhuman primates (e.g., Alouatta guariba clamitans Cabrera) were found to be infected by P. vivax, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum (Curado et al 2006, Duarte et al 2008 in that region. In the forested areas of Vale do ribeira, Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii Dyar and Knab and Anopheles (Kerteszia) bellator Dyar and Knab are vectors of malaria parasites (Forattini et al 1999, Marrelli et al 2007.…”

The genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax: a review

“…Seroreactivity tests have identified the presence of three variants in samples from the state of São Paulo (Curado et al 1995(Curado et al , 2006 and in indigenous communities of the Amazon region (Arruda et al 1996(Arruda et al , 1998. Oliveira-Ferreira et al (2004a) confirmed the seroreactivity against synthetic peptides containing the CSP immunodominant epitope of P. vivax variants.…”

Circulation of antibodies against yellow fever virus in a simian population in the area of Porto Primavera Hydroelectric Plant, São Paulo, Brazil

“…The same conjugate was used in malaria studies and was able to detect IgG antibodies against sporozoite proteins (infective forms of Plasmodium species) in neotropical monkey blood samples 7,11,27 . Despite a possible loss in the test sensitivity, since it was used in a high concentration, the conjugate was competent to discriminate positive and negative sera, allowing its use in epidemiological studies.…”

“…Results were expressed as absorbance and, for higher specificity, the cut-off value was set by adding up three standard deviations to the arithmetic mean of serum absorbances 7,11,16 .…”