Major life events and major chronic difficulties are differentially associated with history of major depressive episodes.

Monroe, Scott M.; Slavich, George M.; Torres, Leandro D.; Gotlib, Ian H.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.1.116

Cited by 84 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Research on major life stressors has revealed that chronic, persistent life difficulties play a significant role in the onset and recurrence of depressive episodes (Hammen, 2005;Monroe, Slavich, Torres, & Gotlib, 2007). Given that racial microaggressions contribute to perceived stress, African-Americans have the added burden of managing these race-related events, which ultimately puts them at greater risk for experiencing depressive symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Microaggressions and Psychological Functioning Among Highly Achieving African-Americans: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Torres

Driscoll

Burrow

2010

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

276

236

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racial microaggressions and their influence on mental health were examined among african american doctoral students and graduates of doctoral programs. using a mixed-methods approach, the current study first identified the types of microaggressions reported by african american participants (N = 97) and then investigated the mechanism by which these experiences influence mental health over time with a separate sample of african americans (N = 107). the qualitative findings revealed three categories of microaggressions including assumption of Criminality/Second-Class Citizen, underestimation of Personal ability, and Cultural/racial isolation. the quantitative analyses found support for a moderatedmediational model by which underestimation of Personal ability was associated with greater perceived stress at one-year follow-up, which in turn was related to greater depressive symptoms. active coping was found to moderate the racial microaggression-perceived stress link such that individuals who endorse active coping behaviors reported lower perceived stress. these findings are discussed in terms of practical and theoretical implications regarding the role of racial microaggressions in the lives of high-achieving african americans and the mechanisms by which these experiences contribute to mental health problems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Microaggressions and Psychological Functioning Among Highly Achieving African-Americans: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Torres

Driscoll

Burrow

2010

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

276

236

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…However, the one study that has specifically examined occurrence produced findings consistent with the present ones. Monroe et al, (2007) found that SLEs were less likely to be present prior to depressive episodes as the episode number increased. Although the authors did not examine the impact of SLEs, they predicted that SLEs retained their capacity to trigger MDEs but were less likely to be present prior to recurrences.…”

Section: Occurrence and Impact Of Sles As A Function Of History Of Dementioning

confidence: 94%

Severe and nonsevere events in first onsets versus recurrences of depression: Evidence for stress sensitization.

Stroud¹,

Davila²,

Hammen³

et al. 2011

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Overall, research has evidenced support for Post's (1992) model, which asserts that the 1st episode of depression is more likely to be associated with severe life events than are subsequent episodes. In spite of this, there are significant gaps in the understanding of the stress-depression association. This study aimed to address three gaps by (a) identifying the explanatory model underlying the association (stress sensitization vs. stress autonomy), (b) elucidating how the role of stress changes with successive episodes, and (c) examining the role of nonsevere events. The impact and occurrence of severe and nonsevere events in a 5-year longitudinal study of late-adolescent women were examined using Cox regression models. Overall, we found support for the stress sensitization model over the stress autonomy model. Specifically, the impact of nonsevere (but not severe) events was greater in individuals with a history of depression compared with those with no history of depression. In addition, the occurrence of severe (but not nonsevere) events was greater for 1st onsets than recurrences. These effects were modified by event independence. The results were discussed in terms of the underlying mechanisms of the stress-depression association and future directions for research were elaborated.

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“…Although our hypotheses focused on acute life events, onset and severity of depression are also known to be influenced by levels of recent chronic stress (Hammen, 2005; Monroe et al, 2007, 2009). Consequently, we also assessed participants’ levels of chronic stress burden and impact over the past six months in several key domains (i.e., close friendships, social life, romantic relationships, family relations, work, school, finances, and the health of the participant and his or her family) and controlled for these levels in all analyses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous opioid system influences depressive reactions to socially painful targeted rejection life events

Slavich

Tartter

Brennan

et al. 2014

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Self Cite

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Although exposure to a recent major life event is one of the strongest known risk factors for depression, many people who experience such stress do not become depressed. Moreover, the biological mechanisms underlying differential emotional reactions to social adversity remain largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we examined whether the endogenous opioid system, which is known to influence sensitivity to physical pain, is also implicated in differential risk for depression following socially painful targeted rejection versus non-targeted rejection life events. Adolescents (n = 420) enrolled in a large longitudinal birth cohort study had their recent stress exposure and current mental health status assessed using self-report and interview-based methods. Participants were also genotyped for the A118G polymorphism in the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1, rs1799971), which has been found to influence neural and psychological responses to rejection, likely by affecting opioid receptor expression and signaling efficiency. As hypothesized, G allele carriers, who are known to exhibit less opioid receptor expression and signaling efficiency, were more severely depressed and twice as likely to meet criteria for major depressive disorder following a recent targeted rejection major life event (e.g., being broken up with, getting fired) relative to A/A homozygotes who experienced such stress. However, A118G genotype did not moderate the effects of other similarly severe major life events on depression. These data thus elucidate a biological pathway that may specifically influence sensitivity to social pain and rejection, which in turn has implications for understanding differential risk for depression and several other social stress-related disorders.

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Major life events and major chronic difficulties are differentially associated with history of major depressive episodes.

Cited by 84 publications

References 23 publications

Racial Microaggressions and Psychological Functioning Among Highly Achieving African-Americans: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Racial Microaggressions and Psychological Functioning Among Highly Achieving African-Americans: A Mixed-Methods Approach

Severe and nonsevere events in first onsets versus recurrences of depression: Evidence for stress sensitization.

Endogenous opioid system influences depressive reactions to socially painful targeted rejection life events

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